Deep ocean currents: cold, salty water sinks

Grade 9 Science Worksheet

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Water samples (model data)

   Sample	Temperature	Salinity
   A	2 °C	35 g/kg
   B	2 °C	33 g/kg
   C	20 °C	35 g/kg
   D	20 °C	33 g/kg

2. 1.

   Using the sample table, which water would sink below the others, by Bo's reading?

   • D, the warmest and freshest
   • C, warm and salty
   • B, cold and fresher
   • A, the coldest and saltiest
3. 2.

   Using the sample table, which water would stay at the surface, by Esme's reading?

   • A, cold and salty
   • B, cold and fresher
   • D, warm and fresher
   • C, warm and salty
4. 3.

   Sea ice forming above saltier, sinking water. NOAA: where the conveyor starts, warm water from the Gulf Stream loses heat to the cold air. What happens to that water, by Jun's reading?

   • It warms and rises
   • The wind pushes it to the bottom
   • It freshens and floats
   • It cools, grows denser and sinks

5. Use this

   The global conveyor drawn on a world map.

6. 4.

   After sinking in the North Atlantic, which way does the deep water flow, by Kira's reading (NOAA)?

   • Straight up to the surface
   • East, across the Atlantic into a closed inland sea
   • South, past the equator, toward Antarctica
   • North, toward the Arctic
7. 5.

   Where do branches of the conveyor rise back toward the surface, by Luz's reading (NOAA)?

   • In the Indian and Pacific Oceans, as they warm
   • They stay deep for good
   • At the conveyor's North Atlantic start, where they cool
   • Near the poles, where they cool
8. 6.

   NOAA: cold bottom water returns to the surface through mixing and wind-driven upwelling. Why must it come back up, by Milo's reading?

   • Surface water keeps sinking, so deep water rises to close the loop
   • Deep water warms at the bottom and boils
   • Deep water stays below for good
   • Deep water evaporates
10. 7.

    A deep current moves 3 cm a second (example data). How far does it go in one day, by Noah's math?

    • About 26 km
    • About 260 m
    • About 2.6 km
    • About 72 cm
11. 8.

    At about 2.6 km a day, about how far does that current go in a year, by Pia's math?

    Use the picture in question 7.

    • About 950 km
    • About 9,500 km
    • About 95 km
    • About 2.6 km
12. 9.

    NOAA: a loop takes about 1,000 years. If a parcel covers 60,000 km in that time (example), what is its average speed, by Ren's math?

    • About 60 km a day
    • About 6 km a year
    • About 60 km a year
    • About 60,000,000 km a year
13. 10.

    Wind arrows above, density arrows far below. Which of these currents is driven by density rather than wind, by Zee's reading (NOAA)?

    • Coastal upwelling
    • The trade-wind drift pushed along near the equator
    • Deep water flowing south from the North Atlantic
    • A western boundary current