How fuels and minerals formed, and why they are where they are
Grade 9 Science Worksheet - Challenge Me
Circle the best answer.
Read this first
Table, How resources form (USGS, EIA), with columns Resource, Starts as, Forms where
Coal, swamp plants (peat), buried swamps; oil, tiny sea life such as diatoms, buried sea-floor sediments; natural gas, buried plant and animal remains, with oil, in shale pores, in coal beds; porphyry copper, fluids from cooling magma, arcs above subduction zones.
A student says coal forms in a few hundred years in any forest. Which reply fits USGS and EIA, by Jun's reading?
- Correct; any fallen log becomes coal
- No; coal forms in weeks inside volcanoes
- No; swamp peat must be buried and heated over millions of years
- Correct; forests make coal within centuries
A volcanic arc above a subduction zone with ore below. A student says copper ore forms in old swamps, like coal. Which reply fits USGS, by Kira's reading?
- No; porphyry copper forms from magma fluids above subduction zones
- No; copper forms in ice sheets
- Correct; ores form from sea plankton
- Correct; swamp plants slowly collect copper from the wet, muddy ground
Coal ranks (EIA)
Rank Carbon lignite 25% to 35% subbituminous 35% to 45% bituminous 45% to 86% anthracite 86% to 97% A coal seam is 3 m thick. If peat compresses about 10 m to 1 m of coal (model ratio), how thick was the peat, by Luz's math?
- About 0.3 m
- About 30 m
- About 300 m
- About 13 m
EIA: anthracite holds 86% to 97% carbon. How much carbon is in 1,000 kg of it, as a range, by Noah's math?
- About 86 to 97 kg
- About 250 to 350 kg
- About 8,600 to 9,700 kg
- About 860 to 970 kg
Four evidence cards, labeled A to D. Which evidence best shows a coal seam formed in a swamp, by Pia's reading (USGS)?
- Copper ore minerals packed around the coal seam on each side of it
- Granite above and below it
- Sea plankton shells inside the coal
- Plant fossils in the coal and swamp or river sediments around it
A rock cross-section with oil in sandstone pores. Model data: a shale rich in fossil plankton lies under a porous sandstone, which is capped by tight shale. Where would oil most likely collect, by Ren's reading?
- Back inside the fossil plankton
- In the sandstone's pores, beneath the tight shale cap
- At the surface, in open pools sitting above the tight shale cap
- Inside the tight shale cap
A volcanic arc above a subduction zone with ore below. Model map: one region has old swamp sediments; another has a volcanic arc above a trench. Which resources would you expect where, by Tala's reading?
- Coal in the swamp region; copper ore in the arc
- The same resources in both
- Oil in the arc, and no coal in either of the two regions
- Copper in the swamp; coal in the arc
Coal ranks (EIA)
Rank Carbon lignite 25% to 35% subbituminous 35% to 45% bituminous 45% to 86% anthracite 86% to 97% Which summary of coal fits USGS and EIA, by Zee's reading?
- Sea plankton cooked in magma becomes coal
- Coal forms within a century
- Swamp peat, buried for millions of years, ranks up from lignite to anthracite
- Anthracite is the lowest rank
A rock cross-section with oil in sandstone pores. Which summary of oil and gas fits EIA, by Ari's reading?
- Buried tiny sea life, changed by heat and pressure, held in sedimentary rock
- Magma fluids held in ice
- Swamp trees held in solid granite
- Dinosaur remains in open caves
A volcanic arc above a subduction zone with ore below. Which summary of copper ores fits USGS, by Bo's reading?
- They form evenly across each continent
- Many form from magma fluids in arcs above subduction zones
- They form from sea plankton
- They form from swamp plants