How water's properties change rock and land

Grade 9 Science Worksheet - Challenge Me

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Card (example data)

   River sediment to the coast fell from 12 to 1 million tonnes a year when the dam closed in 1970. Beach retreat began in 1973. Large storms: 4 a decade before and after. Sea level: 3 mm a year before and after.

2. 1.

   A report claims the dam caused the beach loss down the coast (example data). How well do the three records support the claim, Ari asks?

   • Strong: retreat followed the supply drop; storms and sea-level rise held steady
   • Proved: retreat followed the dam in time, so the dam must be the one cause
   • Unsupported: storms, not river sediment, are what move beach sand along a coast
   • Weak: sea level kept rising the whole time, which alone explains the retreat

3. Card (example data)

   The reservoir held 3 million m³ of sand. After removal, bed level below the old dam: +0.5 m after 1 year, +0.3 m after 3 years, 0.0 m after 5 years. Discharge was normal.

4. 2.

   An old dam is removed (example data). The riverbed below it rose 0.5 m in year 1, then fell back over 5 years. Which explanation does Bo give?

   • The bed rose because more water now flows past the site of the old dam
   • Sand rose up from below the bed as the water pressure on it fell away
   • A pulse of stored sand outran the river's carrying power, settled, then moved on
   • Removing the dam sped up the water, so it dropped its sand at once below

5. Card (example data)

   At 1,000 m, freeze-thaw cycles fall from 40 to 15 a year. At 3,000 m, cycles rise from 10 to 35 a year, as long-frozen rock now thaws often.

6. 3.

   Warming changes freeze-thaw cycles at two heights (example data). Esme predicts rockfall. Which prediction fits the frost-wedging model?

   • Less rockfall at 1,000 m and more at 3,000 m
   • Less rockfall everywhere, since warming means less ice
   • No change, since the cycles still total 50 overall
   • More rockfall everywhere, since melting ice frees rock

7. Card

   a 100-year flood has a 1% chance each year; a 500-year flood has a 0.2% chance. Chance of at least one in n years = 1 − (1 − p)ⁿ.

8. 4.

   A town raises its levee from the 100-year flood to the 500-year flood. How does the chance of at least one overtopping in 30 years change, Kira asks?

   • From 1% to 0.2%, the yearly chances
   • From 30% to 6%: 30 × 1% and 30 × 0.2%
   • From 26% to 0%, as 500 years is far beyond 30
   • From about 26% to about 6%

9. Card (example data)

   ρg = 9,800; width w = 10 m; slope before 0.005; same total drop over 8 km instead of 10 km, so slope × 1.25 = 0.00625. Normal discharge Q = 8 m³/s.

10. 5.

    Gravel moves when stream power ρgQS ÷ w passes 60 W/m². Straightening shortens a reach from 10 km to 8 km, same drop. Does gravel move at 8 m³/s, Luz asks?

    • Yes: 9,800 × 8 × 0.00625 = 490 W/m², far above the 60
    • No change: the same drop gives the same power
    • No: the shorter reach is gentler, just 31 W/m²
    • No: 49 W/m²; gravel now moves from 9.8 m³/s, not 12.2

11. Card (example data)

    Yearly peak flow fell 60% in 1965. Rainfall over the basin: no trend. A nearby undammed river: width steady at 110 m. The 1960s were drier than average in both basins.

12. 6.

    A river channel narrowed from 120 m to 70 m after a dam opened in 1965, during a dry decade (example data). Which evidence best separates the dam from drought, Milo asks?

    • No rain trend, and the undammed river kept its width
    • The 1960s were drier than average in both of the basins
    • Peaks fell 60%, which closely matches a 42% narrowing
    • The width shrank in 1965, the same year the dam opened
13. 7.

    The valley has a wide floor, small lakes and steep sides. Candidate observations are listed. Noah must decide whether ice or a river shaped a valley. Which single observation would decide it best?

    • Rounded pebbles in the stream bed that flows along it today
    • Bedrock scratched in parallel, under unsorted boulders and clay
    • A wide, flat valley floor between two very steep rock sides
    • Small lakes strung along the floor of the valley

14. Card (example data)

    Above the dam 12 million tonnes of sediment a year, below it 1 million; riverbed below the dam down 2 m in 30 years; delta shoreline retreating 20 m a year; sea level steady at 3 mm a year.

15. 8.

    Ren writes one sentence for the dam, riverbed and delta records. Which summary links the system best?

    • The dam caused 12 times more erosion downstream, as 12 ÷ 1 clearly shows
    • Trapped sediment starves the river, which scours its bed, and the delta loses supply
    • The dam slowed the river, so sediment piled up downstream and the delta grew
    • Sea-level rise drowned the delta while the river cut down into its own bed

16. Card (example data)

    Both counties have limestone and equal rain. County A pumped wells from 1990; water table fell 8 m; sinkholes 2 → 14 a year. County B: steady water table; sinkholes 2 → 2.

17. 9.

    Tala summarizes why County A's sinkholes rose while County B's did not (example data). Which summary is best?

    • Pumping by itself made A's sinkholes; dissolving played no part in them
    • Both counties will soon match again, as the sinkhole counts average out
    • Dissolving made cavities in both; pumping drained the water propping A's roofs
    • Rain dissolving limestone makes sinkholes, so County A must have had more rain

18. Card

    a 10% yearly chance (a 10-year flood). Chance of at least one in 30 years = 1 − 0.9³⁰ ≈ 96%.

19. 10.

    Zee sums up why a site with a 10% yearly flood chance is a poor place for a 30-year home. Which summary is best?

    • The risk is a 10% chance, which is low enough for a family home
    • Floods come once in 10 years, so the home will flood exactly 3 times in 30
    • The risk over 30 years is 30 × 10%, a 300% chance of flooding
    • Each year is a fresh 10%, so 30 years is about 96% likely to see one