Sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and why entrepreneurs take risks

Grade 12 Social Studies Worksheet - Challenge Me

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Use this

   Card A. Compare chart "U.S. business applications and unemployment" (U.S. Census Bureau Business Formation Statistics and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, through FRED, retrieved Nov 14, 2026), columns Year | Business applications (millions) | Unemployment rate (%): 2019 | 3.52 | 3.7; 2020 | 4.38 | 8.1; 2021 | 5.41 | 5.4; 2022 | 5.08 | 3.7; 2023 | 5.49 | 3.6; 2024 | 5.25 | 4.0. Note: an application is a request for an employer number. It does not mean a firm opened or hired anyone. Applications are monthly seasonally adjusted counts added up for each year; unemployment is the annual average.

2. 1.

   Pia writes one claim from card A. Which claim does the card support best?

   • Applications were higher in 2023 than in 2022
   • Applications in 2024 were below 2021, so entrepreneurship was falling in the years after 2021 as well
   • The number of U.S. businesses rose by about 54 percent between 2019 and 2021
   • Applications rose from 3.52 to 5.41 million between 2019 and 2021 and stayed above 5 million after
3. 2.

   A writer claims people start businesses mostly because they lost jobs. Ren tests it with both columns on card A. What is the verdict?

   • Refuted: unemployment fell after 2020 while applications stayed high
   • Shown: unemployment rose to 8.1 percent in 2020 and applications jumped, so job loss drove them
   • Weakly supported: applications rose in 2020 with unemployment but stayed high as it fell
   • Unsupported: card A gives rates for unemployment and counts for applications
4. 3.

   Tala wants to say how many new employer firms opened. Which missing evidence would matter most?

   • The number of applications in 2025, to see whether the rise continued after 2024
   • The unemployment rate for 2025, to see whether job loss started more firms
   • How many applications turned into firms that opened and hired workers
   • The average number of applications per month in 2019

5. Use this

   Cards A and B on a cafe. Card A. Compare chart "A cafe's year, with the owner's other options" (made up for practice), columns Line | Amount: Money from customers | $180,000; Rent, supplies and wages paid | $120,000; Salary at the job the owner turned down | $56,000; Owner's $100,000 of savings in the cafe, if left in a 4% account | $4,000 a year. Note: invented cafe, made up for practice. The owner works full time in the cafe and takes no wages. Card B, "A second cafe" (made up). A second cafe would bring in $90,000 a year and cost $75,000 a year to run, including a manager's wages. It needs $50,000 of the owner's savings, which could instead earn 4% a year. The owner's own time would not change.

7. 4.

   Ari reads card A. Is the owner better off than in the job turned down, counting savings too?

   • Better off by $60,000, since that is what the cafe leaves above the costs it paid out during the year
   • Better off by $4,000, since the cafe also keeps the owner's savings at work
   • Worse off by $56,000, since the owner gave up that salary
   • About equal: the $60,000 above costs paid matches the $56,000 salary plus $4,000 of interest given up
8. 5.

   Bo reads cards A and B. Should the owner open the second cafe, counting the savings it ties up?

   Use the picture in question 4.

   • No, because the first cafe's economic profit is $0 and a second one will be $0 too
   • No, because $75,000 of costs is a large sum and $50,000 of savings is at risk
   • Yes: it adds $15,000 above costs paid, or $13,000 after $2,000 of interest given up
   • Yes, because it brings in $90,000 of sales a year
9. 6.

   A writer says zero economic profit means the owner should shut the cafe. Esme tests it with card A. What is the verdict?

   Use the picture in question 4.

   • Supported: zero profit means the cafe earns $0, so shutting it loses nothing
   • Not supported: the cafe's accounting profit is $60,000, so it is a success
   • Supported: the cafe pays no more than the $60,000 of other options, so it is a waste of the owner's time and savings
   • Not supported: zero economic profit means the cafe pays as well as the $56,000 job and the $4,000 of interest
10. 7.

    Jun wants to be sure the second cafe will add $13,000. Which missing evidence would matter most?

    Use the picture in question 4.

    • What the first cafe earned in its first year, as a guide to what a second cafe can earn
    • Whether the second cafe will really bring in the sales the owner forecasts
    • Whether savings accounts pay 4% at each bank
    • Whether the owner works full time in the first cafe

11. Use this

    Card A, "A business that fails" (made up). The business owes $400,000. Selling everything it owns raises $150,000, which leaves $250,000 unpaid. Card B, "Liability rules" (general rules in our words; details vary by state). A sole proprietor is personally responsible for the unpaid debts. In a general partnership, each partner can be pursued for the whole amount, and partners then settle among themselves. In a corporation, shareholders generally lose only the money they paid for shares. A person who signs a personal guarantee on a loan owes that loan personally. Card C, "The owners" (made up). Case 1: Ana owns the business alone. Case 2: Ben and Cho are partners, 80% and 20%. Case 3: Dee and Eli are shareholders, each paid $20,000 for shares, and Eli also signed a personal guarantee on a $100,000 bank loan.

12. 8.

    Kira applies card B to Case 1. Who can be asked to cover the $250,000 that is unpaid, and with what?

    • The bank that lent the money, because the business is a separate person
    • Ana up to $150,000, the value of what the business owned
    • No one beyond the $150,000 the sale raised, because the business itself has no more property that can be sold
    • Ana alone, from personal property such as savings, because a sole proprietor is personally responsible
13. 9.

    Luz applies card B to Case 2, where Ben holds 80% and Cho 20%. Cho's creditors ask for money. What follows?

    • Neither partner owes anything personally, since the partnership is the debtor
    • Either partner can be pursued for the whole $250,000, so Cho could be asked for all of it
    • Only Ben, the majority partner, can be pursued, since he holds 80%
    • Cho owes just 20% of the $250,000, which is $50,000, matching Cho's share of the partnership
14. 10.

    A banker says Case 3 shows a corporation's owners can never be pursued for business debts. Noah tests the claim with cards B and C. What is the verdict?

    • Not supported: Eli's $100,000 guarantee is a personal debt, though both otherwise lose at most $20,000
    • Supported: Dee and Eli owe nothing, because the shares are worth $20,000
    • Not supported: both owners can be pursued for the $250,000 shortfall
    • Supported: both owners lose at most $20,000, so no one is pursued personally for any of the business's debts