Unemployment: how it is measured and its kinds

Grade 12 Social Studies Worksheet - Challenge Me

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Use this

   Unemployment rate by highest degree, 2025 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, read Nov 14, 2026). Columns: Highest degree, Unemployment rate. Less than a high school diploma, 6.1%; High school diploma, 4.3%; Some college, no degree, 3.8%; Associate's degree, 3.0%; Bachelor's degree, 2.8%; Master's degree, 2.6%; Professional degree, 1.9%; Doctoral degree, 1.8%; All workers aged 25 and over, 3.4%. Workers are age 25 and over. The 2025 figures are 11-month averages that leave out October. Each rate is the unemployed divided by the labor force in that group.

2. 1.

   Ari reads the table for a report. Which claim does it support best?

   • More schooling lowers a person's chance of being unemployed by the size of the gap shown
   • The rate for workers aged 25 and over, 3.4 percent, is the plain average of the eight group rates in the table
   • Unemployment falls with each step up in education, but the table cannot show what schooling causes
   • A bachelor's degree makes a job nearly certain, since just 2.8 percent of that group are unemployed
3. 2.

   A politician says that if every worker had a bachelor's degree, unemployment would fall from 3.4 to 2.8 percent. Bo tests the claim. What is the verdict?

   • Not supported: the table compares different people, and more graduates could compete for the same jobs
   • Supported for workers over 25, since the table covers workers aged 25 and over
   • Supported: the table shows 2.8 percent for bachelor's holders, so each worker would reach that rate
   • Not supported: unemployment rates cannot be lowered by more education for any worker
4. 3.

   Esme asks why the all-workers rate, 3.4 percent, sits between the group rates. Which explanation fits?

   • It is the plain average of the eight group rates, which would be 3.4 if each group is equal
   • It is the rate for workers with some college, the group in the middle of the table
   • It is a weighted average, so it sits between groups by how many workers each has
   • It is the middle value of the eight group rates, so half the groups lie below it
5. 4.

   Jun looks for the missing fact that would most limit what the table shows about schooling. Which fact is it?

   • The year the survey began, because an older survey would give the same gaps for any group
   • How many people in each group have a job, because the rates in the table ignore employment
   • Whether the groups differ in age, field and local labor markets, since those could explain part of the gap
   • Whether unemployment is counted weekly or monthly, because that decides which group has the lower rate

6. Use this

   Marlow County in two years (example figures, made up for practice). Columns: Measure, Year 1, Year 3. People aged 16 and over, 100,000, 100,000; Employed, 61,380, 59,850; Unemployed, 4,620, 3,150; Not in the labor force, 34,000, 37,000; Discouraged (want work, stopped looking), 300, 1,800. The discouraged workers are part of those not in the labor force. In our words: a broader rate adds the discouraged to both the unemployed and the labor force.

7. 5.

   The unemployment rate fell from 7.0 to 5.0 percent. Kira looks for the best-supported claim. Which is it?

   • The rate fell mainly because 3,000 people left the labor force; employment fell by 1,530
   • Participation rose, because the rate fell and so more people came into the labor force to look for jobs
   • More jobs were created, since 1,470 fewer people were unemployed
   • The 1,470 fewer unemployed people found jobs, which is what lowered the rate
8. 6.

   Milo looks for the missing fact that would most change how to read the drop in participation. Which fact is it?

   • The size of the county's largest employer, because it decides the unemployment rate
   • Whether many of the 3,000 who left were retiring, since retiring is no sign of weak jobs
   • Whether the rate was measured in winter, because winter raises unemployment
   • How many people moved into the county, because newcomers fill the jobs that residents lost

9. Two states' unemployment benefits (example figures, made up for practice)

   State	Weeks of benefits	Average weeks to find a job	Average starting wage
   P	12	14	$22.50 an hour
   Q	26	19	$23.40 an hour

   The states have similar workers and industries. Ignore benefit payments and think of a 40-hour week and a 2,000-hour year.

10. 7.

    Pia reads the table. Which statement best captures the trade-off it shows?

    • Longer benefits go with longer searches, 19 weeks against 14, and better pay, $23.40 against $22.50
    • Longer benefits just keep people unemployed, since searches last longer in state Q than in P, despite a $0.90 pay gap
    • Shorter benefits are better, since people in state P find work sooner than people in state Q do
    • Pay is higher in Q because benefits are longer, which shows that longer searches improve matching
11. 8.

    Ren compares the cost of Q's 5 extra weeks of search with its pay gain. Which comparison is best?

    • About $4,500 of wages lost against $1,800 a year of extra pay, so repayment takes about 2.5 years
    • About $4,500 against $1,800, so the extra pay repays the cost in under a year, since $1,800 is large
    • About $900 against $1,800, so the extra pay repays the cost in about half a year
    • About $4,500 against $1,800 a year, so the extra pay does not repay the cost even over a long career
12. 9.

    A critic says state Q shows that long benefits cause unemployment. Tala tests the claim. What is the verdict?

    • Weak: the states may differ in other ways, and the longer search also comes with higher pay
    • Weak: benefit weeks cannot affect how long people search for work, whatever the evidence shows
    • Strong: Q's spells are 5 weeks longer, and nothing else in the table differs between the states
    • Strong: the table controls for each other difference, so benefit weeks must be the cause
13. 10.

    Zee looks for the missing fact that would most limit what the table shows about benefit weeks. Which fact is it?

    • Whether other differences, such as job openings and industry mix, explain the searches and the pay
    • How many people live in each state, because larger states have longer searches than smaller ones do
    • Whether benefits are paid weekly or monthly, because that decides how long people search for work
    • The names of the states, because laws differ by name and not by the benefit weeks, so the name is the cause