Link causes to effects in ancient history
Grade 6 Social Studies Worksheet - Challenge Me
Circle the best answer.
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Frontinus on Rome's water
Who made it: Frontinus, Rome's water commissioner. When: the end of the 1st century CE. Where: Rome. For whom: the emperor and the officials who ran the water system. Why: an official report on Rome's aqueducts. Excerpt (Frontinus, The Aqueducts of Rome, Book I, chapter 15; English translation by Charles E. Bennett (revising Clemens Herschel, 1899), Loeb Classical Library, 1925, p. 357): "The water is taken from the river, which, even without the effect of rainstorms, is muddy and discoloured [stained], because it has rich and cultivated fields adjoining [next to] it, and in consequence loose banks. For this reason, a settling reservoir was put in beyond the inlet of the aqueduct, in order that the water might settle there and clarify [become clear] itself… But even despite this precaution, the water reaches the City in a discoloured condition whenever there are rains."
According to Frontinus, why was the river muddy even without rain, Luz asks?
- The arches stirred up the water
- The settling reservoir made it muddy
- Farm fields beside it left loose banks
- Rainstorms alone made the river muddy each time
According to Frontinus, what did Rome do because the river water was muddy, Milo asks?
- Stopped taking water from that muddy river
- Built the farm fields beside the river
- Made the arches higher
- Built a settling reservoir to let it clear
Noah turns Frontinus's words into a chain. Which order is right?
- Loose banks → reservoir → fields → muddy river
- Muddy river → fields → reservoir → loose banks
- Reservoir → muddy river → loose banks → fields
- Fields → loose banks → muddy river → reservoir
Frontinus on Rome's water
Who made it: Frontinus, Rome's water commissioner. When: the end of the 1st century CE. Where: Rome. For whom: the emperor and the officials who ran the water system. Why: an official report on Rome's aqueducts. Excerpt (Frontinus, The Aqueducts of Rome, Book I, chapter 15; English translation by Charles E. Bennett (revising Clemens Herschel, 1899), Loeb Classical Library, 1925, p. 357): "The water is taken from the river, which, even without the effect of rainstorms, is muddy and discoloured [stained], because it has rich and cultivated fields adjoining [next to] it, and in consequence loose banks. For this reason, a settling reservoir was put in beyond the inlet of the aqueduct, in order that the water might settle there and clarify [become clear] itself… But even despite this precaution, the water reaches the City in a discoloured condition whenever there are rains." Event card "Water moves by gravity" (Roman aqueducts): Aqueducts carried water by gravity alone, on a slight downward slope; over valleys the channel rode on arches.
Muddy water still reached Rome after rains. Which explanation is stronger, Pia asks?
- The reservoir was not built in the end: but he says it was put in
- The arches were too high: but arches add no mud
- Rain brought more mud: he says so "whenever there are rains"
- The water ran uphill: but it moved by gravity
Frontinus on the arches
Who made it: Frontinus, Rome's water commissioner. When: the end of the 1st century CE. Where: Rome. For whom: the emperor and the officials who ran the water system. Why: an official report on Rome's aqueducts. Excerpt (Frontinus, The Aqueducts of Rome, Book I, chapter 15; English translation by Charles E. Bennett (revising Clemens Herschel, 1899), Loeb Classical Library, 1925, p. 357): "These are the highest arches, rising at certain points to 109 feet." Event card "Water moves by gravity" (Roman aqueducts): Aqueducts carried water by gravity alone, on a slight downward slope; over valleys the channel rode on arches.
Some arches rose to 109 feet. Which explanation is stronger, Ren asks?
- To store water: but arches hold no tanks
- To keep a gentle slope over low ground: water moved by gravity
- To clean the water: but the reservoir did that
- Because the fields came first: earlier things cause later ones
Frontinus on Rome's water
Who made it: Frontinus, Rome's water commissioner. When: the end of the 1st century CE. Where: Rome. For whom: the emperor and the officials who ran the water system. Why: an official report on Rome's aqueducts. Excerpt (Frontinus, The Aqueducts of Rome, Book I, chapter 15; English translation by Charles E. Bennett (revising Clemens Herschel, 1899), Loeb Classical Library, 1925, p. 357): "The water is taken from the river, which, even without the effect of rainstorms, is muddy and discoloured [stained], because it has rich and cultivated fields adjoining [next to] it, and in consequence loose banks. For this reason, a settling reservoir was put in beyond the inlet of the aqueduct, in order that the water might settle there and clarify [become clear] itself… But even despite this precaution, the water reaches the City in a discoloured condition whenever there are rains."
Zee's friend says the settling reservoir made the water clear every time. Which response is right?
- Agree: reservoirs make water clear
- Disagree: after rains it still arrived muddy
- Disagree: there was no reservoir
- Agree: he says a settling reservoir was put in for that
Ari's friend says the aqueduct made the river muddy, because the aqueduct was there before the mud was noticed. Which response is right?
- Agree: what comes first is the cause
- Disagree: the fields and loose banks did
- Disagree: rain did it, and nothing else
- Agree: aqueducts make mud
(Rome): Aqueduct water supplied public baths, fountains and homes. Bo's friend says Rome built aqueducts for one reason: fountains. Which response is right?
- Agree: Frontinus says so
- Disagree: aqueducts carried no water
- Disagree: the water also went to baths and homes
- Agree: one reason is enough to explain the aqueducts
Frontinus on Rome's water
Who made it: Frontinus, Rome's water commissioner. When: the end of the 1st century CE. Where: Rome. For whom: the emperor and the officials who ran the water system. Why: an official report on Rome's aqueducts. Excerpt (Frontinus, The Aqueducts of Rome, Book I, chapter 15; English translation by Charles E. Bennett (revising Clemens Herschel, 1899), Loeb Classical Library, 1925, p. 357): "The water is taken from the river, which, even without the effect of rainstorms, is muddy and discoloured [stained], because it has rich and cultivated fields adjoining [next to] it, and in consequence loose banks. For this reason, a settling reservoir was put in beyond the inlet of the aqueduct, in order that the water might settle there and clarify [become clear] itself… But even despite this precaution, the water reaches the City in a discoloured condition whenever there are rains."
Esme's note says, "The settling reservoir made the river muddy." Which fix is right?
- Change "muddy" to "salty"
- Leave it: the reservoir caused the mud in the river
- Change "river" to "arches"
- Swap them: the muddy river led to the reservoir
(Roman aqueducts): Aqueducts carried water by gravity alone, on a slight downward slope; over valleys the channel rode on arches. Kira's note says, "Aqueduct water was pumped uphill to Rome." Which fix is right?
- Change "Rome" to "Egypt"
- Change "water" to "mud"
- Leave it: water was pumped uphill
- Change it: water flowed gently downhill