Landforms, rivers and resources of the United States and Canada

Grade 6 Social Studies Worksheet - Challenge Me

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Use this

   Card I (three sources, shared waters). Source 1: the border between the United States and Canada runs through four of the five Great Lakes; Lake Michigan lies wholly in the United States. Source 2: the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 created the International Joint Commission, which helps both countries settle disputes over shared waters. Source 3, a university lake study: algae blooms in Lake Erie grow when fertilizer from farm fields washes into rivers that flow into the lake.

2. 1.

   Why would the United States and Canada want shared rules for the lakes, Jun asks?

   • Canada owns the four lakes, so it can set the rules alone for the water in them
   • The border runs through four lakes, so what one country does affects the other
   • Lake Michigan lies in both countries, so rules for it must be shared
   • Rules for the lakes were needed after the Seaway opened in 1959, as ship traffic grew
3. 2.

   Which claim do Sources 1 and 3 together support, Esme asks?

   • Lake Erie is a shared lake, and farm runoff into it can create a problem for both countries
   • Algae in Lake Erie washes onto farm fields and ruins the fertilizer that farmers spread
   • The treaty of 1909 ended algae blooms in Lake Erie once both countries signed it
   • Farm fertilizer is the cause of each problem in the Great Lakes, from algae to ship traffic

4. Use this

   Card J (two sources, oil sands in northern Alberta). Source 1, an industry summary: thick, sticky oil is mixed with sand under forest land. Companies dig it up or heat it underground to bring it out. Pipelines and trains carry the oil to refineries in Canada and the United States, and the work provides many jobs. Source 2, an environmental report: digging clears forest, uses large amounts of water and energy, and the cleared land takes many years to restore.

5. 3.

   A mining worker and a forest scientist read Card J. Why might they weigh the oil sands differently, Ren asks?

   • The worker counts jobs and income; the scientist counts cleared forest and water used
   • The worker is wrong about jobs, because Source 1 gives no information about jobs or income
   • Both read Source 2 alone, so they weigh the oil sands in the same way each time
   • The worker wants the forest cleared first; the scientist wants it cleared last
6. 4.

   A student claims: "The oil sands bring only benefits." How does Card J bear on that, Zee asks?

   • It weakens the claim, because Source 2 says the cleared land is restored within a year
   • It supports the claim, because the jobs and pipelines in Source 1 show benefit
   • It weakens the claim: Source 2 lists forest cleared and large amounts of water and energy used
   • It supports the claim, because Source 1 says the oil reaches refineries
7. 5.

   Source 1 is from an industry and Source 2 from an environmental group. How should you read them, Milo asks?

   • Compare them: each may stress what matters to its writer, so check the facts in both
   • Use Source 1 alone, because it comes first on the card
   • Trust Source 2, because groups that study harms have no purpose behind their reports
   • Trust Source 1, because companies that do the work know the most about everything

8. Use this

   Coal from nearby hills and river transport helped steel mills grow there.

10. 6.

    What do the sites of Chicago and Pittsburgh have in common, Bo asks?

    • Both produce steel using coal that comes from the nearby hills
    • Both became large cities first, and the water routes were built later to reach them
    • Both sit where water routes meet, so goods and people could move there
    • Both lie on the Ohio River, which is why they became large cities
11. 7.

    What did the 1848 canal across the ridge make possible, Pia asks?

    Use the picture in question 6.

    • It joined the Great Lakes route to the Mississippi system across a low ridge
    • It separated the Great Lakes streams from the Mississippi streams for the first time
    • It ended the need for any railroad or road between the lakes and the Mississippi
    • It let ships sail from Pittsburgh into Lake Michigan along the Ohio River
12. 8.

    Why did steel mills grow at Pittsburgh, Ari asks?

    Use the picture in question 6.

    • Pittsburgh lies on Lake Michigan, which carried steel to the east coast
    • Nearby coal and river transport made the mills easier to supply and ship from
    • A canal opened across a ridge in 1848, which linked lakes to the Mississippi
    • Steel mills grew first, and coal and rivers then moved there to serve them

13. Use this

    Card L (three sources, the Ogallala Aquifer under the Great Plains). Source 1, a USGS summary: since heavy pumping began in the 1950s, water levels have dropped by more than 100 feet in some places and changed little in others. Source 2, a Kansas farmer (invented): "My well gave a strong flow when my parents farmed. Now I water fewer acres." Source 3, a USGS summary: in dry parts of the Plains, rain and snow refill the aquifer very slowly.

14. 9.

    A farmer and a county water planner read these sources. Why might they disagree about pumping limits, Luz asks?

    • The planner owns the farm, so the farmer has no say over pumping
    • The farmer wants limits so the aquifer lasts; the planner wants no limits
    • Source 3 says the aquifer refills quickly, so the planner sees no reason for limits
    • The farmer wants water for crops now, while the planner wants the aquifer to last
15. 10.

    A farmer switches to crops that need less water. Using Card L, what might change over time, Noah asks?

    • Pumping would speed up, so the aquifer would drop even faster
    • The aquifer would refill within a few years, so the problem would end
    • Pumping would slow, so levels may fall more slowly, though refilling stays slow
    • The farmer's well would give a stronger flow at once, as in the parents' day