The Mongol Empire: the largest land empire, and trade across it
Grade 7 Social Studies Worksheet - Challenge Me
Circle the best answer.
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Trade across the empire (cards A to E; summaries in our words, except card C). Card A, the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace): for about 100 years, traders were generally not in danger on the routes across Eurasia. Card B, a chart of changes: postal stations stood about every 20 miles on major routes, with food, horses and lodging. Merchants formed associations, used more paper money and paid lower tariffs, and trade across Eurasia grew greatly. Buddhist, Muslim, Daoist and Nestorian Christian clergy received tax benefits, and followers of many religions were not forced to change. Card C, Marco Polo, a Venetian merchant who served the Great Khan; his book was written down in Europe about 1298. English translation by Henry Yule, revised by Henri Cordier (1903), Book II, chapter 26, p. 433: "…the messengers of the Emperor … find at every twenty-five miles of the journey a station which they call Yamb, or, as we should say, the ‘Horse-Post-House.’" Card D, a historian's summary for students: the Mongols' conquests were brutal, and their support for trade also changed Eurasia. Card E, dates: Kublai Khan named the Yuan dynasty in 1271 and completed the conquest of southern China in 1279; Mongol rule of China ended in 1368.
On a 1,000-mile route, how many stations would there be at card B's spacing of 20 miles and at Polo's 25 miles, Bo asks?
- About 50 stations by card B and about 40 by Polo
- About 40 stations by card B and about 50 by Polo
- About 20 stations by card B and about 25 by Polo
- About 500 stations by card B and about 400 by Polo
Polo was a Venetian merchant who served the Great Khan, and his book was written down in Europe. What follows for his stations passage, Esme asks?
- He had no reason to describe them, because merchants did not use the roads in those years of peace and trade
- He used them himself and was explaining them to readers at home, so he may praise them
- His job for the Khan makes his account worthless as evidence about the stations
- He wrote just for the Khan, who already knew the system and needed no explanation
Card C's words are from a 1903 translation by Yule and Cordier. Which statement is right, Kira asks?
- Because it is translated, it cannot be used as evidence about the stations
- A translation is the same as the original, so nothing was changed in 1903 by anyone
- Polo wrote the passage in 1903, so it is a modern description of the stations
- 1903 is the translation's date; Polo described the stations from his own time
Using cards A and B, which chain best explains how the Pax Mongolica helped trade grow, Luz asks?
- Religious tax benefits built the stations, and that is what drew traders east
- Lower tariffs ended the peace, so merchants stopped using the stations and trade fell
- Safe roads and stations made long trips easier, and lower tariffs helped
- Brutal conquests made the roads safe, so no other cause is needed to explain it
Card E: the Yuan dynasty was named in 1271 and Mongol rule of China ended in 1368. How long did it last, and how does that compare with the peace in card A, Milo asks?
- 97 years, close to the peace's 100 years but not the same
- 197 years, which is almost twice the length of the peace
- 97 years, so the Pax Mongolica must have begun in exactly 1271
- 2,639 years, since 1368 plus 1271 gives the total length
Card D says the conquests were brutal and that support for trade changed Eurasia. Whose accounts would most likely differ, Noah asks?
- Two historians of today, since modern writers agree on how to weigh sources
- A merchant on the safe roads and a family from a conquered city
- A station keeper and a merchant, since both worked for the Khan's roads
- Two merchants who both used the roads, since they would tell it the same way
Card B says clergy of four religions received tax benefits. What does that suggest about daily life, Pia asks?
- Many religions were allowed, so several faiths shared the empire
- The empire's people were forced to follow the Mongols' own religion
- Buddhist clergy alone received tax benefits, and no other group did
- Religion no longer mattered to the merchants who traded across Eurasia
A historian finds a record of a trader robbed on a main road during the Pax Mongolica. How does it affect card A's "generally not in danger," Ren asks?
- It shows danger was possible; "generally" allows exceptions
- It changes nothing, because records of crimes cannot be trusted as evidence
- It disproves the Pax Mongolica, since one robbery cancels the whole period
- It shows the roads were dangerous for the whole 100 years of the peace
Card D is a historian's summary for students today. What does that distance in time offer and risk, Tala asks?
- It offers eyewitness detail and risks nothing, since modern writers are neutral
- It offers the Mongols' own view alone, and risks being too friendly to them
- It offers a view across many sources, and risks missing what they leave out
- It offers nothing, since just people who lived then can be trusted as sources
Which claim do cards A and B together support best, Zee asks?
- Safe roads, stations and lower tariffs all fit; the cards do not rank them
- The Mongol Peace stopped all fighting in Eurasia for the whole 100 years
- Trade grew only because merchants had access to paper money on the roads
- Lower tariffs alone caused trade to grow, and nothing else on the chart mattered