The Scientific Revolution: observing, testing and new tools

Grade 7 Social Studies Worksheet - Building Confidence

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   A new picture of the heavens

   With cards in time order: [1] 1543: ?; [2] 1609–1621: Kepler's laws: each planet's orbit is an ellipse (an oval), with the Sun at one focus; the laws use Tycho Brahe's accurate data; [3] 1610: with a telescope, Galileo sees four moons circling Jupiter; [4] 1687: Newton's Principia sets out his laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation. Arrows (this made the next one possible): 1 → 2, 2 → 4. The card marked ? is blank. Below the strip: the Galileo card has no arrow, because this strip does not show what it led to.

2. 1.

   Jun's strip has a blank card: what did Copernicus's 1543 book place at the center?

   • The Moon
   • The Earth
   • Jupiter
   • The Sun
4. 2.

   What shape did Kepler find for each planet's orbit, Kira asks?

   • A perfect circle around the Sun
   • A square
   • An ellipse, an oval
   • A straight line
5. 3.

   Milo reads the word orbit. What is an orbit?

   Use the picture in question 2.

   • The path of a planet around the Sun
   • The center of the universe
   • A kind of telescope
   • A moon's surface
6. 4.

   Noah reads that gravitation is universal. What does universal mean here?

   Use the picture in question 2.

   • It was found in 1543
   • It works on Earth alone
   • It is a kind of telescope
   • It works everywhere, for all bodies
7. 5.

   Pia reads that Kepler used Tycho Brahe's accurate data. What is data?

   Use the picture in question 2.

   • A guess with no measuring
   • Measurements collected to study something
   • A kind of orbit
   • A planet's moon
8. 6.

   What does the arrow from Copernicus's card point to, Ren asks?

   Use the picture in question 2.

   • Kepler's laws
   • Galileo's moons
   • Newton's Principia, directly
   • No card
9. 7.

   Why does the Galileo card have no arrow, Zee asks?

   Use the picture in question 2.

   • Galileo had no telescope
   • Galileo came after Newton
   • Arrows join books to books
   • The strip does not show what it led to
10. 8.

    Why did Kepler need accurate data, Ari asks?

    Use the picture in question 2.

    • To make the orbits circles
    • To test the exact shape of each orbit
    • Data were not needed
    • To find the four moons that circle Jupiter
11. 9.

    Four moons circling Jupiter showed something new. What was it, Bo asks?

    Use the picture in question 2.

    • The Earth has four moons of its own
    • Moons cannot move
    • Jupiter circles the Moon
    • Not everything circles the Earth
12. 10.

    Esme's friend says Newton worked it all out alone. Which reply fits the strip?

    Use the picture in question 2.

    • Not quite: Kepler's laws led to his work
    • Disagree: Galileo wrote the Principia
    • Agree: Newton came first
    • Agree: no arrow on the strip points to Newton