Ghana, Mali and Songhai: gold, salt and Timbuktu
Grade 7 Social Studies Worksheet - Building Confidence
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Ghana and the gold-salt trade (cards A to C; summaries in our words). Card A, a map note: the empire of Ghana lay in dry lands between the Sahara, where salt was mined, and the forests to the south, where gold was found. Traders carried salt south and gold north. Card B, al-Bakri, a scholar in Cordoba, Spain, in a book of about 1068: he never visited Ghana. He gathered what travelers and earlier writers told him. Card C, al-Bakri on the king's taxes, as he reports them: for each donkey-load of salt entering the country, the king took one gold dinar, and two dinars when it left. For a load of copper he took five mithqals, and for a load of other goods ten.
Who wrote card C, and how did he learn what he wrote, Ari asks?
- A modern historian, who studied the trade after the empire ended
- Al-Bakri, who counted the loads at the king's gate himself
- The king of Ghana, who recorded his own taxes for his officials
- Al-Bakri, who gathered reports from travelers and writers
A trader brings 4 loads of salt into Ghana and later takes the same 4 loads out. How many dinars does the king take, Esme asks?
- 4 dinars
- 8 dinars
- 12 dinars
- 7 dinars
Al-Bakri never visited Ghana. How should a historian use his report, Kira asks?
- As worthless, because he did not see Ghana himself
- As useful evidence to check against other sources
- As al-Bakri's own memories of the king's court
- As proof of each detail, because he was a scholar
How did the king of Ghana gain gold without mining it, going by cards A and C, Luz asks?
- He sent his own miners south to dig gold in the forests
- He paid traders in salt for each load of gold they carried
- He took the salt from the Sahara and kept the whole of it for Ghana
- Traders passed through his lands, and he taxed their loads
Who paid the king's taxes on card C, and who gained, Milo asks?
- The king paid them, and traders gained gold
- Farmers paid them, and travelers gained gold
- Miners paid them, and the king gave them salt
- Traders paid them, and the king gained gold
How do cards A and C fit together on salt, Noah asks?
- They disagree, because card A says salt went north and card C says it left
- They show that the king grew rich from the salt trade alone
- They cannot be compared, because one is a map note and one a report
- Salt entered from the north (card A) and was taxed on entry (card C)
Card C says a load of salt paid one dinar on entry and two on leaving. Which statement is supported, Pia asks?
- A load of salt leaving paid twice as much tax as one entering
- A load of salt paid the same tax entering as leaving
- A load of salt paid more tax than a load of copper
- A load of salt entering paid twice as much tax as one leaving
A traveler's record from 1100 says Ghana's king still taxed salt. How does it fit card C, Ren asks?
- It shows al-Bakri visited Ghana later, since both mention salt
- It adds nothing, because al-Bakri already described the taxes in his book
- It fits card C, but one record cannot show how long the taxes lasted
- It shows the rates on card C stayed the same for many centuries to come
Which period does card B describe, Tala asks?
- Ghana as al-Bakri saw it on his own visit about 1068
- Ghana today, as al-Bakri's book is still read in Spain
- Ghana at the time of Mansa Musa's journey to Cairo in 1324
- Ghana as al-Bakri understood it from travelers around 1068
A student says, "Card B shows Ghana's king was richer than any other king." How strong is that claim, Zee asks?
- Weak: the cards report taxes on loads and compare no other king
- Weak: no king's wealth can be known from a book about trade
- Strong: card B says Ghana's king was the richest of his time
- Strong: a king who taxed gold and salt must have been the richest