Factories, cities and new immigrants in the North

Grade 8 Social Studies Worksheet - Building Confidence

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Use this

   Immigration and the mills (cards A to D). Card A, the Preliminary Report on the Eighth Census (published in 1862 by the Census Office for Congress): foreign-born passengers arriving in the ten years before June 1 of each census year were 552,000 (1840), 1,558,300 (1850) and 2,707,624 (1860). Card B, the same report (spacing modernized): "To arrive at the true immigration, these numbers should be largely increased for those who have come by way of Canada. On the other hand, they should be diminished for return emigrants, and for the merchants, factors, and visitors who go and come repeatedly, and are thus enumerated twice or more in the returns." Card C, a summary in our words from the National Park Service, Lowell: starting in 1823 the textile corporations recruited young women from New England farms and villages. Most textile workers worked 12 to 14 hours a day and half a day on Saturday. Card D, a summary in our words from the National Park Service, Lowell: in 1822 about 30 male Irish laborers walked from Boston to build the canals and factories. In the 1840s the Irish population of Lowell grew rapidly as people escaped poverty and famine in Ireland. Unskilled jobs attracted poor immigrants despite long hours and low pay. Mill managers hired the newcomers, and that blunted the efforts of the young women who were holding turnouts for higher wages and a ten-hour day.

2. 1.

   Compare the rise from 1840 to 1850 with the rise from 1850 to 1860 in card A. Which statement is correct, Bo asks?

   • The decades cannot be compared because the counts cover different years of arrival
   • The rise in the 1850s was just about 115,000 people, less than in the 1840s
   • The 1850s rise was bigger in amount, about 1.15 million, but smaller as a multiple
   • The rise was bigger in both amount and multiple in the 1850s than in the 1840s
3. 2.

   Card B names ways the count could be too high or too low. Which one makes it too high, Esme asks?

   • People who arrived before 1830 and were counted again in the later decade
   • People who came by way of Canada and so were left out of the count at U.S. customs houses
   • Merchants and visitors who went back and forth and were counted twice or more
   • Women and children, who were missed by the officers counting each passenger ship
4. 3.

   A student writes: "Exactly 2,707,624 people moved to the United States to stay in the 1850s." How strong is that claim, given card B, Jun asks?

   • Strong: official reports are exact, so the figure is the true number
   • Weak: card B says the count was far too high, so the true figure is lower
   • Overstated: card B says the true figure could be higher or lower
   • Weak: a government count cannot be used as evidence about anything
5. 4.

   Card A comes from a government report that counted arrivals. What is it best evidence for, Kira asks?

   • How arrivals changed from one decade to the next
   • Why people left their homes and what they hoped to find
   • How many stayed their whole lives in the United States
   • What jobs the newcomers found in Lowell after they arrived
6. 5.

   Card D links famine, jobs and protest. Which chain is best supported, Luz asks?

   • Lowell's Irish workers began arriving in the 1840s, after the women's turnouts had ended
   • Famine pushed people out, unskilled jobs drew them in, and managers hired them to blunt protest
   • Managers paid the newcomers high wages and short hours, so the young women ended their turnouts
   • Mill protests drew Irish workers to Lowell, and then a famine began in Ireland that sent more of them
7. 6.

   Card D says managers hired the newcomers. How did that look different to the young women holding turnouts and to the managers, Milo asks?

   • The women gained bargaining power; managers lost workers who would take low pay
   • Both groups wanted the newcomers hired, since the women hoped to share the work
   • The women lost bargaining power; managers gained workers who took low pay
   • Both groups left Lowell in the 1840s, and the newcomers took over the mills
8. 7.

   Cards C and D describe Lowell's workers at different times. What change do they show, Noah asks?

   • From low pay to high pay in the 1840s, once managers raised wages for the Irish newcomers
   • From immigrant workers to a workforce of young women from New England farms and villages
   • From young women from New England farms to a workforce that also hired Irish newcomers
   • From Irish workers alone to farm women alone, with no overlap between the two groups
9. 8.

   Cards A and D cover the 1840s. What do they support together, Pia asks?

   • Lowell caused the national rise in arrivals, as its mills pulled in newcomers
   • Arrivals rose sharply nationally while Lowell's Irish population grew too
   • Lowell's Irish population grew after 1860, when the national count had peaked
   • Each arrival in card A went to Lowell, which is why its mills grew so fast
10. 9.

    A student writes: "The Irish came to Lowell only because of the famine." How strong is that claim, given card D, Ren asks?

    • Strong: the 1840s famine explains each Irish arrival, even those in 1822
    • Weak: card D has Irish laborers in Lowell in 1822, long before the 1840s famine
    • Strong: card D says no Irish people lived in Lowell before then, so the famine explains it
    • Weak: card D says the Irish did not work in the mills, just on the canals and on the roads
11. 10.

    Which evidence would best show how many Irish workers mills hired in the 1840s, Tala asks?

    • Mill payrolls and census records from Lowell in the 1840s
    • A museum guide written today that retells the story of the Lowell mills
    • Card A's national totals of foreign-born passengers who arrived each decade
    • The women's turnout petitions, which list their demands for higher wages