How the United States grew to the Pacific: Texas, Oregon, the Mexican Cession and the Gadsden Purchase

Grade 8 Social Studies Worksheet

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Use this

   The treaty of 1848 and the people in the new lands (cards A to E). Card A, the Constitution, Article II, Section 2, as transcribed by the National Archives (cuts marked): "He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; …" Card B, a summary in our words from the National Archives: the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed on February 2, 1848, at a city where the Mexican government had fled as U.S. forces advanced. After the fall of Mexico City in September 1847, the U.S. envoy Nicholas Trist and General Winfield Scott decided that the only way to deal with Mexico was as a conquered enemy. Mexico ceded 55 percent of its territory, including present-day California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Oklahoma, Kansas and Wyoming. It gave up claims to Texas and accepted the Rio Grande as the boundary. The United States paid Mexico $15 million. The Senate reluctantly ratified the treaty by a vote of 38 to 14 on March 10, 1848, after removing Article X, which had guaranteed protection of Mexican land grants. Card C, a summary and a quotation from the National Archives: President Polk recalled Trist in October 1847, but Trist negotiated the treaty in defiance of the president. In a letter to his wife on December 4, 1847, Trist wrote (as printed): "Knowing it to be the very last chance and impressed with the dreadful consequences to our country which cannot fail to attend the loss of that chance, I decided today at noon to attempt to make a treaty; the decision is altogether my own." Card D, Article VIII of the treaty (Avalon Project text, first paragraph and the end of the second): "Mexicans now established in territories previously belonging to Mexico, and which remain for the future within the limits of the United States, as defined by the present treaty, shall be free to continue where they now reside, or to remove at any time to the Mexican Republic, retaining the property which they possess in the said territories, or disposing thereof, and removing the proceeds wherever they please, without their being subjected, on this account, to any contribution, tax, or charge whatever." The article adds that those who stay may keep Mexican citizenship or become U.S. citizens, and must choose within one year; those who say nothing in that year are considered to have chosen U.S. citizenship. Card E, Article IX of the treaty as ratified (cuts marked): "… shall be incorporated into the Union of the United States … and be admitted at the proper time (to be judged of by the Congress of the United States) to the enjoyment of all the rights of citizens of the United States, according to the principles of the Constitution; …"

2. 1.

   Card C quotes a private letter Trist wrote to his wife. What is it best evidence for, Jun asks?

   • Whether the treaty later protected land grants after 1848
   • Why Trist privately decided to negotiate, against his recall
   • What historians today conclude about Trist's motives and choices
   • What the Mexican government wanted from the treaty talks
3. 2.

   Card C is a letter to a wife, and card D is a treaty article. How does each audience shape what the writer says, Pia asks?

   • The letter gives private reasons and feelings; the treaty states public promises
   • The treaty gives private feelings, and the letter states public promises to both nations
   • Both were written to set the price of the land and the border across it
   • Both were written to persuade the Senate to ratify the treaty after the war
4. 3.

   Card D promises property rights, and card B says the Senate removed Article X, on land grants. How do they relate, Bo asks?

   • They fully conflict, so Article VIII was cancelled when the Senate voted on Article X
   • They cannot be compared, since one is a treaty and one a summary of events
   • Article X added protections that Article VIII lacked, and the Senate approved it in full
   • They partly conflict: Article VIII protects property, but Article X was removed
5. 4.

   A student writes: "Mexicans in the new lands became U.S. citizens at once in 1848." How strong is that claim, given cards D and E, Milo asks?

   • Strong: card E says they would be incorporated into the Union with full rights at once
   • Weak: card D gives a one-year choice; card E leaves full rights to a later time
   • Strong: card D says they would become U.S. citizens after one year, no matter what
   • Unanswerable: treaty words are just promises, so they cannot test a claim like this one
6. 5.

   Card A requires two thirds of senators present. Card B gives 38 to 14, or 52 senators in all. If four yes votes switched, would it have passed, Zee asks?

   • Yes: 34 is still a majority, so it would have passed
   • No: 34 of 52 is about 34 percent
   • Yes: 34 of 52 is about 70 percent
   • No: 34 of 52 is about 65 percent, short of two thirds
7. 6.

   Card B gives the real vote, 38 to 14. If all 52 senators were present, what share voted yes, and was it enough under card A, Kira asks?

   • About 41 percent, not enough
   • Exactly two thirds, so it was just barely enough
   • About 38 percent, not enough
   • About 73 percent, above two thirds, so it was enough
8. 7.

   Which chain from cards B and C best explains how the treaty reached the Senate, Ren asks?

   • Polk approved Trist's recall, so the treaty was not sent on to the Senate for a vote
   • Trist negotiated anyway; Polk forwarded it; the Senate ratified it minus Article X
   • The Senate wrote the treaty in Washington, and Trist signed it later in Mexico City
   • The Gadsden Purchase of 1853 came first, and it made the 1848 treaty possible later
9. 8.

   What does card B suggest about the balance of power in the talks, Esme asks?

   • Both sides were equally strong, so terms were traded evenly for land and money
   • Mexico dictated the terms, since its army had won the war and held Washington
   • It was unequal: Mexico's capital had fallen, and the U.S. treated it as conquered
   • Mexico freely chose each term, with no pressure from the United States or its army
10. 9.

    The treaty was signed February 2 and ratified March 10, 1848. What changed in between, Noah asks?

    • The Senate rewrote the boundary in 1853 by approving a new treaty and payment
    • The Senate added Article X, which then guaranteed land grants to Mexican families
    • The Senate removed Article X, on land grants; Article VIII on property stayed
    • The Senate removed Article VIII, on property rights, and kept Article X intact
11. 10.

    Which statement about the 1848 treaty do cards A to E support best, Tala asks?

    • It fully protected the people living in the lands Mexico ceded to the United States
    • It was fair because Mexico was paid $15 million, so both sides gained from the deal
    • It gave Mexico a say in how Congress would treat the new lands and their residents later
    • It promised property and a citizenship choice to Mexicans, but the Senate cut a guarantee