How the court system is organized, and how a case reaches the Supreme Court

Grade 12 Social Studies Worksheet

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Article III, Section 2, clause 1 (quoted in part)

   "The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority; … to Controversies between two or more States; … between Citizens of different States, …" Article III, Section 2, clause 2 (quoted): "In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make."

2. 1.

   Esme reads Article III, Section 2. Which case must begin in the Supreme Court as its first court?

   • A prosecution by the United States of a bank robber, since the United States is a party
   • A suit by a Harlan citizen who says a Harlan law breaks the US Constitution
   • A suit between the state of Harlan and the state of Corvin over a river boundary
   • A suit by a Harlan citizen against a Corvin citizen over a $200,000 contract

3. Article III, Section 2, clause 1 (quoted in part)

   "The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority; … to Controversies between two or more States; … between Citizens of different States, …" Statutes (our words). Congress has set two rules: a federal district court may hear a case between citizens of different states only if more than $75,000 is at stake; and only the Supreme Court may hear a lawsuit between two states. Case 2 (made-up): Pruitt, a citizen of Harlan, sues Okafor, a citizen of Corvin, over a broken contract worth $60,000. No federal law is involved.

4. 2.

   Jun reads clauses and statutes for case 2. Which court may hear Pruitt's suit against Okafor?

   • No court, since the amount is under the limit that applies to each court
   • Only a state court; the clause allows federal hearing, but the statute's floor is not met
   • A US district court, since Article III extends to citizens of different states and no statute can narrow it
   • The Supreme Court alone, since it decides how Article III applies

5. Article III, Section 2, clause 1 (quoted in part)

   "The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority; … to Controversies between two or more States; … between Citizens of different States, …" Statutes (our words). Congress has set two rules: a federal district court may hear a case between citizens of different states only if more than $75,000 is at stake; and only the Supreme Court may hear a lawsuit between two states. Case 2 changed (made-up): the broken contract is worth $120,000; Pruitt is still a citizen of Harlan, Okafor of Corvin, and no federal law is involved.

6. 3.

   Kira reads the clause, the statutes and case 2 changed. Which statement is right now that $120,000 is at stake?

   • The Supreme Court must hear it first, since the parties come from two different states and the sum is large
   • A state court alone may hear it, since a contract is a matter of state law and not federal law
   • A US district court may hear it, but solely if a federal law is also involved in the contract dispute
   • A US district court may hear it: citizens of different states, and the sum clears the statute's floor

7. Article III, Section 2, clause 1 (quoted in part)

   "The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority; … to Controversies between two or more States; … between Citizens of different States, …" Case 3 (made-up): Mendez, a citizen of Harlan, sues a Harlan transit authority, another citizen of Harlan, and says a Harlan law breaks the US Constitution.

8. 4.

   Luz reads the clause and case 3. Mendez and the transit authority are both Harlan citizens. Can a federal court hear the case?

   • No; both parties are citizens of one state, so just Harlan's courts may hear it
   • Yes; the claim arises under the US Constitution, so different citizenship is not needed
   • Yes, but solely after each Harlan court has finished, since states invariably go first
   • No; a challenge to a state law is a state matter until the Supreme Court takes it

9. Article III, Section 2, clause 2 (quoted)

   "In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make." Statutes (our words). Congress has set two rules: a federal district court may hear a case between citizens of different states only if more than $75,000 is at stake; and only the Supreme Court may hear a lawsuit between two states. Case 1 (made-up): The state of Harlan sues the state of Corvin over where a river boundary lies.

10. 5.

    Milo reads clause 2, the statutes and case 1. What does the statute add to the clause for Harlan v. Corvin?

    • It adds nothing, since the clause already bars each lower court from hearing such state suits
    • It creates the Court's original power, which the clause lacked without it
    • It makes the Supreme Court the only court for such suits, which the clause alone does not do
    • It lets Congress shrink the Court's original power, as the clause lets it limit appeals

11. Case file TP (made-up)

    A Linden trial court convicted Alvarez under a Linden speech law. The Linden court of appeals reversed, ruling that the law violates the First Amendment. The Linden supreme court then reversed that ruling, holding the law valid, and no higher state court remains.

12. 6.

    Noah reads case file TP. Alvarez asks for US Supreme Court review. Which ruling is under review, and why can it be?

    • The Linden supreme court's ruling: it is the last state court and decided a First Amendment question
    • The trial court's verdict, since just a trial court's verdict can be reviewed by the US Supreme Court
    • The Linden court of appeals' ruling, since it was the one that favored Alvarez
    • The Linden supreme court's ruling, since any ruling by a state supreme court may be reviewed

13. Case file TQ (made-up)

    The Linden supreme court struck down an Eastport city sign ordinance and gave two reasons. Reason one: it violates the First Amendment. Reason two: it violates a clause of the Linden constitution. Each reason alone is enough to strike the ordinance. Eastport asks the US Supreme Court to review.

14. 7.

    Pia reads case file TQ. Eastport asks for review. What is the main obstacle?

    • A state supreme court's ruling on the First Amendment cannot be reviewed
    • The Linden constitution ground alone supports the result, so a federal ruling changes nothing
    • Eastport is a city government, and governments cannot ask the Supreme Court for review
    • The Supreme Court reviews just criminal cases from state courts, not city ordinances or civil suits

15. Article III, Section 1 (quoted)

    "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish."

16. 8.

    Zee reads Article III, Section 1. Congress passes a law creating a new federal trial court for the district of Eastport. What supports it?

    • Nothing; an amendment is needed to create a court, since Article III names one Court
    • The jury clause, since trials must be held in the state where a crime happened
    • The original-jurisdiction clause, since a new court needs a grant of first-hearing cases
    • The vesting clause, which lets Congress ordain and establish inferior courts from time to time
17. 9.

    Ari reads Article III, Section 1. Congress cannot abolish the Supreme Court by statute. Why?

    • The Constitution itself vests judicial power in "one supreme Court"
    • Congress cannot change the Court, including how many justices sit on it
    • Congress would need two-thirds of both houses to abolish any federal court
    • Article III created the Supreme Court and each lower court directly

18. Article III, Section 2, clause 2 (quoted)

    "In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make." Statutes (our words). Congress has set two rules: a federal district court may hear a case between citizens of different states only if more than $75,000 is at stake; and only the Supreme Court may hear a lawsuit between two states.

19. 10.

    Bo reads clause 2 and the statutes. Congress raises the diversity amount from $75,000 to $150,000. Which statement is right?

    • Not allowed, because Congress may regulate just the Supreme Court, not lower courts
    • Allowed; Article III sets an outer limit, and Congress decides how much the lower courts get
    • Not allowed; the amount comes from Article III itself, so just an amendment could change it
    • Allowed, because clause 2 lets Congress make exceptions to the lower courts' power