How the United States became a world power, 1898–1914

Grade 11 Social Studies Worksheet - Challenge Me

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Hawaii, 1897 and 1898

   [1] (political cause, checked) June 16, 1897: a treaty of annexation is signed, and it needs two-thirds of the Senate; [2] (political cause, checked) September and October 1897: Native Hawaiians sign a petition against annexation; [3] (event or result, plain) February 1898: only 46 senators are willing to vote for annexation; [4] (strategic cause, striped) April 1898: war with Spain makes Hawaii seem useful as a fueling station; [5] (political cause, checked) A joint resolution needs only a majority of each house; [6] (event or result, plain) July 7, 1898: McKinley signs the joint resolution annexing Hawaii. Arrows: 1 → 3, 2 → 3, 3 → 5, 4 → 6, 5 → 6. Shading key: an economic cause (dotted) is about trade, markets, goods or money; a strategic cause (striped) is about military position: bases, fleets, routes, rivals' power or defense; a political cause (checked) is about governments, laws, votes, public opinion or who rules; an event or result is plain. Source card "How Hawaii was annexed in 1898, in brief". Who made it: historians and textbooks writing today. When: today. Where: the United States. For whom: readers today. Why: to sum up what is known. Summary in our words, not a quotation: After the overthrow of 1893, President Cleveland refused annexation, and the planters' government became the Republic of Hawaii. President McKinley signed a new annexation treaty in June 1897 with envoys of that republic. It needed two-thirds of the Senate and did not get them. After the war with Spain began, supporters of annexation used a joint resolution, which needs only a majority of each house. McKinley signed it on July 7, 1898. The Office of the Historian says supporters argued that Hawaii was vital to the economy and was a strategic base for Asia, and that other nations would take it if the United States did not. In 1993 Congress said that Native Hawaiians had never directly given up their claim to their national lands or their sovereignty.

2. 1.

   Pia weighs two explanations. Hawaii's treaty of 1897 did not win enough Senate votes, but a joint resolution succeeded in 1898. Which explanation fits the chain and card best?

   • The planters' fear of a sugar tax, which had just begun in 1898 and swayed the Senate
   • The war with Spain gave a strategic reason, and a joint resolution needed a majority
   • The petition of 21,269 Native Hawaiians, which persuaded the Senate to approve
   • The Queen's agreement to give up her claim, which she signed in 1898 for Congress

3. Mahan's ideas and the islands of 1898

   [1] (economic cause, dotted) Mahan: American factories soon make more than home buyers can use; [2] (strategic cause, striped) Mahan: a battleship navy and a network of bases are needed to protect trade; [3] (political cause, checked) Leaders such as Theodore Roosevelt take up Mahan's ideas; [4] (event or result, plain) 1898: the United States gains Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines; [5] (event or result, plain) 1903: the United States leases a naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, with no end date. Arrows: 1 → 2, 2 → 4, 3 → 4, 4 → 5. Shading key: an economic cause (dotted) is about trade, markets, goods or money; a strategic cause (striped) is about military position: bases, fleets, routes, rivals' power or defense; a political cause (checked) is about governments, laws, votes, public opinion or who rules; an event or result is plain. Source card "Mahan looks outward". Who made it: Captain Alfred T. Mahan. When: written August 1890, printed December 1890; text here from his book of 1897. Where: the United States. For whom: readers of a magazine, and later of his book. Why: to argue that the nation should look beyond its borders. Excerpt (The United States Looking Outward, in The Interest of America in Sea Power; The Interest of America in Sea Power, 1897, pp. 21-22): "Whether they will or no, Americans must now begin to look outward. The growing production of the country demands it. An increasing volume of public sentiment demands it. The position of the United States, between the two Old Worlds and the two great oceans, makes the same claim, which will soon be strengthened by the creation of the new link joining the Atlantic and Pacific." Source card "The islands of 1898 and the idea of bases, in brief". Who made it: historians and textbooks writing today. When: today. Where: the United States. For whom: readers today. Why: to sum up what is known. Summary in our words, not a quotation: After the war with Spain, the United States held Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines, places fit to be the coaling stations and naval bases of the kind Mahan wrote about. Five years later it leased a base at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba with no end date. Mahan's interest in bases was not new: after the Civil War, Secretary of State Seward tried to win Caribbean bases and a canal route, and the Senate turned down all of his base plans. In the 1890s leaders such as Theodore Roosevelt took up Mahan's ideas, and the islands of 1898 came through a war, a treaty and votes in Congress.

4. 2.

   Ren reads Mahan's passage beside the card. Which claim about Mahan and the islands of 1898 is best supported?

   • His ideas shaped leaders' thinking, but a war and votes in Congress also mattered
   • His ideas had no effect, since he wrote about Britain and not about the United States
   • His book planned the 1898 gains island by island, and events then followed the plan he set
   • His book alone caused the war with Spain and the islands that came after it, so nothing else mattered

5. Panama, 1902 to 1914

   [1] (political cause, checked) June 19, 1902: the Senate votes to build the canal through Panama; [2] (political cause, checked) Colombia's congress finds the money terms of its canal treaty unacceptable; [3] (strategic cause, striped) Roosevelt sends warships to Panama City and Colon in support of Panamanian independence; [4] (event or result, plain) November 3, 1903: Panama declares independence; [5] (event or result, plain) The new Panama's envoy signs a treaty: a ten-mile strip, $10 million and $250,000 a year; [6] (event or result, plain) 1914: the canal is completed. Arrows: 1 → 2, 2 → 3, 3 → 4, 4 → 5, 5 → 6. Shading key: an economic cause (dotted) is about trade, markets, goods or money; a strategic cause (striped) is about military position: bases, fleets, routes, rivals' power or defense; a political cause (checked) is about governments, laws, votes, public opinion or who rules; an event or result is plain. Source card "Panama in 1903, in brief". Who made it: historians and textbooks writing today. When: today. Where: the United States. For whom: readers today. Why: to sum up what is known. Summary in our words, not a quotation: The Senate chose the Panama route in June 1902, and Secretary of State Hay signed a treaty with Colombia's foreign minister. Colombia's congress turned the treaty down over the money terms. President Roosevelt then sent United States warships to Panama City, on the Pacific side, and to Colon, on the Atlantic side, backing Panama's break from Colombia. Colombia's troops could not get through the Darien jungle, and Panama became independent on November 3, 1903. The new republic named Philippe Bunau-Varilla, a French engineer, as its envoy, and he signed the treaty that gave the United States a ten-mile-wide strip. The Office of the Historian adds that United States control of the canal later strained relations with Panama.

6. 3.

   Tala reads the Panama chain and card. What does the order of events show about Colombia's rejection and the warships?

   • The warships came first and caused Colombia's congress to reject the treaty
   • Panama declared independence before Colombia's congress had acted
   • The rejection came first, and Roosevelt sent the warships afterward
   • The rejection and the warships came on the same day in 1903

7. Hawaii, 1897 and 1898

   [1] (political cause, checked) June 16, 1897: a treaty of annexation is signed, and it needs two-thirds of the Senate; [2] (political cause, checked) September and October 1897: Native Hawaiians sign a petition against annexation; [3] (event or result, plain) February 1898: only 46 senators are willing to vote for annexation; [4] (strategic cause, striped) April 1898: war with Spain makes Hawaii seem useful as a fueling station; [5] (political cause, checked) A joint resolution needs only a majority of each house; [6] (event or result, plain) July 7, 1898: McKinley signs the joint resolution annexing Hawaii. Arrows: 1 → 3, 2 → 3, 3 → 5, 4 → 6, 5 → 6. Shading key: an economic cause (dotted) is about trade, markets, goods or money; a strategic cause (striped) is about military position: bases, fleets, routes, rivals' power or defense; a political cause (checked) is about governments, laws, votes, public opinion or who rules; an event or result is plain. Source card "The 1897 petition, in brief". Who made it: historians and textbooks writing today. When: today. Where: the United States. For whom: readers today. Why: to sum up what is known. Summary in our words, not a quotation: In 1897 two Hawaiian groups, one of men and one of women, held meetings on the five main islands and gathered signatures against annexation. The petition of the Hui Aloha ʻĀina, or Hawaiian Patriotic League, carried 21,269 names of Native Hawaiians. Four delegates brought it to Washington in December 1897, where they met Queen Liliʻuokalani, and a senator read it aloud in the Senate. The National Archives puts that above half the 39,000 Native Hawaiians and part-Hawaiians that the Hawaiian Commission counted the same year. Table "The 1897 petition against annexation", columns Count | Number: Signatures of Native Hawaiians on the petition | 21,269; Native Hawaiians and part-Hawaiians counted in 1897 | 39,000. Data: National Archives. The National Archives gives the second figure as 39,000 and says the count came from the Hawaiian Commission.

8. 4.

   Ari reads the table. About what percent of the 39,000 Native Hawaiians and part-Hawaiians signed the 1897 petition?

   • 45
   • 183
   • 21
   • 55

9. The Treaty of Paris and its aftermath

   [1] (event or result, plain) December 10, 1898: Spain gives up Cuba, cedes Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines, and the United States pays Spain $20 million; [2] (political cause, checked) Some Americans oppose taking colonies: some call it wrong, some do not want Filipinos in national government, some oppose McKinley; [3] (event or result, plain) February 6, 1899: the Senate ratifies the treaty with one vote to spare; [4] (event or result, plain) February 4, 1899: fighting breaks out in the Philippines; [5] (event or result, plain) July 4, 1902: Roosevelt declares the Philippine war over. Arrows: 1 → 3, 2 → 3, 1 → 4, 4 → 5. Shading key: an economic cause (dotted) is about trade, markets, goods or money; a strategic cause (striped) is about military position: bases, fleets, routes, rivals' power or defense; a political cause (checked) is about governments, laws, votes, public opinion or who rules; an event or result is plain. Source card "The Philippine-American War, in brief". Who made it: historians and textbooks writing today. When: today. Where: the United States. For whom: readers today. Why: to sum up what is known. Summary in our words, not a quotation: Filipino nationalists under Emilio Aguinaldo wanted independence rather than a change of colonial rulers. Fighting began on February 4, 1899, and President Roosevelt declared the war over on July 4, 1902, though smaller uprisings followed. The Office of the Historian reports that over 4,200 American soldiers and over 20,000 Filipino fighters lost their lives, and that as many as 200,000 Filipino civilians lost their lives to violence, famine and disease. The same office notes that Americans called it an insurrection, while Filipinos said they were fighting off a foreign invader. It was a hard war on both sides. Table "Lives lost in the Philippine-American War, 1899 to 1902", columns Group | Lives lost: American soldiers | over 4,200; Filipino fighters | over 20,000; Filipino civilians | as many as 200,000. Data: Office of the Historian. The civilian figure counts violence, famine and disease together, and is given as an upper limit.

10. 5.

    Bo reads the table on the Philippine-American War. Which sentence fits its figures?

    • Exactly 200,000 Filipino civilians lost their lives to violence, famine and disease
    • More American than Filipino fighters lost their lives, though the civilian count was large
    • Over 24,000 fighters lost their lives, and as many as 200,000 Filipino civilians
    • About 4,200 people lost their lives in the whole war, counting both sides together

11. Hawaii, 1897 and 1898

    [1] (political cause, checked) June 16, 1897: a treaty of annexation is signed, and it needs two-thirds of the Senate; [2] (political cause, checked) September and October 1897: Native Hawaiians sign a petition against annexation; [3] (event or result, plain) February 1898: only 46 senators are willing to vote for annexation; [4] (strategic cause, striped) April 1898: war with Spain makes Hawaii seem useful as a fueling station; [5] (political cause, checked) A joint resolution needs only a majority of each house; [6] (event or result, plain) July 7, 1898: McKinley signs the joint resolution annexing Hawaii. Arrows: 1 → 3, 2 → 3, 3 → 5, 4 → 6, 5 → 6. Shading key: an economic cause (dotted) is about trade, markets, goods or money; a strategic cause (striped) is about military position: bases, fleets, routes, rivals' power or defense; a political cause (checked) is about governments, laws, votes, public opinion or who rules; an event or result is plain. Source card "The Queen protests the treaty of annexation". Who made it: Liliuokalani, who had been Queen of Hawaii. When: June 17, 1897 (printed in her book of 1898). Where: Washington. For whom: the United States government, and later readers of her book. Why: to protest the treaty of annexation. Excerpt (Hawaii's Story, chapter LV, My Official Protest to the Treaty; Hawaii's Story, 1898, pp. 354-355): "I declare such a treaty to be an act of wrong toward the native and part-native people of Hawaii, an invasion of the rights of the ruling chiefs, in violation of international rights both toward my people and toward friendly nations with whom they have made treaties, the perpetuation of the fraud whereby the constitutional government was overthrown, and, finally, an act of gross injustice to me. … Because my people, about forty thousand in number, have in no way been consulted by those, three thousand in number, who claim the right to destroy the independence of Hawaii." Source card "The 1897 petition, in brief". Who made it: historians and textbooks writing today. When: today. Where: the United States. For whom: readers today. Why: to sum up what is known. Summary in our words, not a quotation: In 1897 two Hawaiian groups, one of men and one of women, held meetings on the five main islands and gathered signatures against annexation. The petition of the Hui Aloha ʻĀina, or Hawaiian Patriotic League, carried 21,269 names of Native Hawaiians. Four delegates brought it to Washington in December 1897, where they met Queen Liliʻuokalani, and a senator read it aloud in the Senate. The National Archives puts that above half the 39,000 Native Hawaiians and part-Hawaiians that the Hawaiian Commission counted the same year. Table "The 1897 petition against annexation", columns Count | Number: Signatures of Native Hawaiians on the petition | 21,269; Native Hawaiians and part-Hawaiians counted in 1897 | 39,000. Data: National Archives. The National Archives gives the second figure as 39,000 and says the count came from the Hawaiian Commission.

12. 6.

    Esme sets the Queen's protest beside the petition card and table. Which statement do the two sources support together?

    • The Queen counted 3,000 Native Hawaiians and the petition counted 39,000 of them
    • Most Native Hawaiians voted for the treaty of annexation in 1897, as the petition shows
    • The petition alone decided the Senate's vote against the treaty of annexation
    • Many Native Hawaiians opposed annexation, and both put their number near 40,000

13. Puerto Rico and Guam after 1898

    [1] (strategic cause, striped) Naval bases and coaling stations are wanted in the Caribbean and the Pacific; [2] (event or result, plain) December 10, 1898: Spain cedes Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States; [3] (event or result, plain) April 12, 1900: Congress sets up a civil government for Puerto Rico; [4] (event or result, plain) March 2, 1917: Congress declares the people of Puerto Rico citizens of the United States; [5] (event or result, plain) Guam is placed under the Navy, and in 1950 Congress gives its people citizenship. Arrows: 1 → 2, 2 → 3, 3 → 4, 2 → 5. Shading key: an economic cause (dotted) is about trade, markets, goods or money; a strategic cause (striped) is about military position: bases, fleets, routes, rivals' power or defense; a political cause (checked) is about governments, laws, votes, public opinion or who rules; an event or result is plain. Timeline strip from 1895 to 1920, with a mark every 5 years. A: Spain cedes Puerto Rico and Guam in the Treaty of Paris, 1898. B: Congress sets up Puerto Rico's civil government, 1900. C: Congress declares Puerto Ricans citizens of the United States, 1917. Source card "The first law for Puerto Rico's government". Who made it: Congress, in the Foraker Act. When: April 12, 1900. Where: Washington. For whom: the people of Puerto Rico, officials and the courts. Why: to set up a civil government for the island. Excerpt (Act of April 12, 1900, section 7; United States Statutes at Large vol. 31, 1900, 31 Stat. 79): "That all inhabitants continuing to reside therein who were Spanish subjects on the eleventh day of April, eighteen hundred and ninety-nine, and then resided in Porto Rico, and their children born subsequent thereto, shall be deemed and held to be citizens of Porto Rico, and as such entitled to the protection of the United States, … and they, together with such citizens of the United States as may reside in Porto Rico, shall constitute a body politic under the name of The People of Porto Rico, with governmental powers as hereinafter conferred …" Source card "The Jones Act on citizenship". Who made it: Congress, in the Jones Act. When: March 2, 1917. Where: Washington. For whom: the people of Puerto Rico, officials and the courts. Why: to give a new government to the island and state who were citizens. Excerpt (Act of March 2, 1917, section 5; United States Statutes at Large vol. 39, 1917, 39 Stat. 953): "That all citizens of Porto Rico, as defined by section seven of the Act of April twelfth, nineteen hundred, … and all natives of Porto Rico who were temporarily absent from that island on April eleventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-nine, and have since returned and are permanently residing in that island, and are not citizens of any foreign country, are hereby declared, and shall be deemed and held to be, citizens of the United States:" Source card "Puerto Rico and Guam, in brief". Who made it: historians and textbooks writing today. When: today. Where: the United States. For whom: readers today. Why: to sum up what is known. Summary in our words, not a quotation: Article II of the Treaty of Paris ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States. Congress passed the Foraker Act on April 12, 1900, for Puerto Rico, and the Jones Act on March 2, 1917, which declared its people citizens of the United States. Guam was placed under the jurisdiction of the Navy in 1898, and the Guam Organic Act of 1950 moved federal jurisdiction to the Department of the Interior and gave the people of Guam citizenship. The CHamoru are the people of Guam, which they call Guåhan.

14. 7.

    Kira reads the two laws about Puerto Rico. How did the status of the island's people change from the first law to the second?

    • They lost the protection of the United States in 1917
    • From citizens of Porto Rico in 1900 to citizens of the United States in 1917
    • They were citizens of the United States under both laws
    • From citizens of the United States in 1900 to citizens of Porto Rico in 1917

15. The Treaty of Paris and its aftermath

    [1] (event or result, plain) December 10, 1898: Spain gives up Cuba, cedes Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines, and the United States pays Spain $20 million; [2] (political cause, checked) Some Americans oppose taking colonies: some call it wrong, some do not want Filipinos in national government, some oppose McKinley; [3] (event or result, plain) February 6, 1899: the Senate ratifies the treaty with one vote to spare; [4] (event or result, plain) February 4, 1899: fighting breaks out in the Philippines; [5] (event or result, plain) July 4, 1902: Roosevelt declares the Philippine war over. Arrows: 1 → 3, 2 → 3, 1 → 4, 4 → 5. Shading key: an economic cause (dotted) is about trade, markets, goods or money; a strategic cause (striped) is about military position: bases, fleets, routes, rivals' power or defense; a political cause (checked) is about governments, laws, votes, public opinion or who rules; an event or result is plain. Source card "The Treaty of Paris, in brief". Who made it: historians and textbooks writing today. When: today. Where: the United States. For whom: readers today. Why: to sum up what is known. Summary in our words, not a quotation: The treaty signed in Paris on December 10, 1898, ended the war with Spain. Spain gave up all claim to Cuba, which was to be independent. Spain ceded Puerto Rico and Guam, and ceded the Philippines in return for $20 million from the United States. The Senate approved the treaty on February 6, 1899, and the margin was a single vote.

16. 8.

    Luz's note says: "In the Treaty of Paris, Spain ceded Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the United States." What fix does the card support?

    • Change "Guam" to "Hawaii", which Spain also ceded in the same treaty of 1898
    • Change "ceded" to "sold" for the four places that the note names
    • Leave it: the card says each place was ceded and the vote was a wide one
    • Change "ceded Cuba" to "gave up Cuba, which was to be independent"

17. The Treaty of Paris and its aftermath

    [1] (event or result, plain) December 10, 1898: Spain gives up Cuba, cedes Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines, and the United States pays Spain $20 million; [2] (political cause, checked) Some Americans oppose taking colonies: some call it wrong, some do not want Filipinos in national government, some oppose McKinley; [3] (event or result, plain) February 6, 1899: the Senate ratifies the treaty with one vote to spare; [4] (event or result, plain) February 4, 1899: fighting breaks out in the Philippines; [5] (event or result, plain) July 4, 1902: Roosevelt declares the Philippine war over. Arrows: 1 → 3, 2 → 3, 1 → 4, 4 → 5. Shading key: an economic cause (dotted) is about trade, markets, goods or money; a strategic cause (striped) is about military position: bases, fleets, routes, rivals' power or defense; a political cause (checked) is about governments, laws, votes, public opinion or who rules; an event or result is plain. Source card "What the Open Door notes were, in brief". Who made it: historians and textbooks writing today. When: today. Where: the United States. For whom: readers today. Why: to sum up what is known. Summary in our words, not a quotation: Secretary of State Hay's notes of 1899 and 1900 stated the policy of the United States toward China. They asked the powers to give merchants of every country equal chances to trade, and later to respect China's territorial and administrative integrity. The powers signed no treaty, and the notes could not be enforced. Russia's reply came with so many conditions that it nearly cancelled the idea. Even so, Hay's successors kept to the Open Door as American policy for decades.

18. 9.

    Milo's note says: "The Open Door notes were a treaty in which the great powers promised to keep China open to traders of any country." What fix does the card support?

    • Leave it: Russia agreed to the notes without adding conditions
    • Change "the great powers" to "Chinese leaders", who signed the notes
    • Change "a treaty" to "notes that could not be enforced"
    • Change "to traders of any country" to "to traders from the United States alone"

19. The Treaty of Paris and its aftermath

    [1] (event or result, plain) December 10, 1898: Spain gives up Cuba, cedes Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines, and the United States pays Spain $20 million; [2] (political cause, checked) Some Americans oppose taking colonies: some call it wrong, some do not want Filipinos in national government, some oppose McKinley; [3] (event or result, plain) February 6, 1899: the Senate ratifies the treaty with one vote to spare; [4] (event or result, plain) February 4, 1899: fighting breaks out in the Philippines; [5] (event or result, plain) July 4, 1902: Roosevelt declares the Philippine war over. Arrows: 1 → 3, 2 → 3, 1 → 4, 4 → 5. Shading key: an economic cause (dotted) is about trade, markets, goods or money; a strategic cause (striped) is about military position: bases, fleets, routes, rivals' power or defense; a political cause (checked) is about governments, laws, votes, public opinion or who rules; an event or result is plain. Source card "The Philippine-American War, in brief". Who made it: historians and textbooks writing today. When: today. Where: the United States. For whom: readers today. Why: to sum up what is known. Summary in our words, not a quotation: Filipino nationalists under Emilio Aguinaldo wanted independence rather than a change of colonial rulers. Fighting began on February 4, 1899, and President Roosevelt declared the war over on July 4, 1902, though smaller uprisings followed. The Office of the Historian reports that over 4,200 American soldiers and over 20,000 Filipino fighters lost their lives, and that as many as 200,000 Filipino civilians lost their lives to violence, famine and disease. The same office notes that Americans called it an insurrection, while Filipinos said they were fighting off a foreign invader. It was a hard war on both sides.

20. 10.

    Noah's note says: "The fighting in the Philippines from 1899 to 1902 was only an insurrection, since all sides agreed the islands already belonged to the United States." What fix does the card support?

    • Leave it: the Senate had ratified the treaty before the first fighting began
    • Change "1902" to "1898", when the war with Spain ended and fighting stopped
    • Change "insurrection" to "peace treaty", since the war was settled at Paris in 1898
    • Add that Americans said insurrection, while Filipinos said they fought an invader