The West after 1865: railroads, homesteads and Native nations

Grade 11 Social Studies Worksheet - Challenge Me

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Use this

   Land, law and consent on the Plains, 1868 to 1889 (cards A to G). Card A, the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, in our words: the National Archives says the treaty was signed on April 29, 1868 by the United States and the Sioux Nation and the Arapaho. It set up the Great Sioux Reservation, which took in much of the western half of present-day South Dakota, including the Black Hills. Card B, two laws, in our words: an act of February 28, 1877 removed the Black Hills from the Great Sioux Reservation, where miners had moved in. An act of March 2, 1889 divided the rest of the reservation into six reservations, including Standing Rock. Card C, the Homestead Act and Native lands, in our words: Homestead National Historical Park says homestead claims were made on lands that many Native nations held by tradition or by treaty. A 2017 study found three patterns. In Nebraska, the land titles of Native nations had mostly been cleared before 1862. In Colorado and Montana, mining, railroads, land speculators and cattle ranchers drove the loss of land before homesteading began. In the Dakotas and Oklahoma, homesteading was a major driver. Card D, homestead totals, in our words: the National Archives says the General Land Office gave out some 500 million acres from 1862 to 1904, and just 80 million of them reached homesteaders. The National Park Service says that over 123 years nearly 4 million homesteaders settled across 30 states, and that 270 million acres, over 10 percent of the United States, was homesteaded. Card E, Young Joseph, a chief of the Nez Perce, "An Indian's Views of Indian Affairs", April 1879 (excerpt): "If we ever owned the land we own it still, for we never sold it. In the treaty councils the commissioners have claimed that our country had been sold to the Government. Suppose a white man should come to me and say, 'Joseph, I like your horses, and I want to buy them.' I say to him, 'No, my horses suit me, I will not sell them.' ... If we sold our lands to the Government, this is the way they were bought." Card F, Sitting Bull, in our words: the National Park Service says Sitting Bull (Tatanka-Iyotanka) was a Hunkpapa Lakota leader. In the fall of 1877 he and his followers went north to Canada, where buffalo were scarce and people were sick. More of his followers went back to reservations in the United States each year. On July 20, 1881 he surrendered at Fort Buford, Dakota Territory. Today the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, home to the Lakota and Dakota nations, governs the Standing Rock Reservation of 2.3 million acres. Card G, the Dawes Act, February 8, 1887, section 5 (excerpt): "the United States does and will hold the land thus allotted, for the period of twenty-five years, in trust for the sole use and benefit of the Indian to whom such allotment shall have been made ... it shall be lawful for the Secretary of the Interior to negotiate with such Indian tribe for the purchase and release by said tribe ... of such portions of its reservation not allotted as such tribe shall, from time to time, consent to sell, ... which purchase shall not be complete until ratified by Congress"

2. 1.

   A student says the 1877 act was a breach because the 1868 treaty guaranteed the Black Hills. Using cards A, B and E, which reply is best, Ari asks?

   • Right: card E shows Joseph said the land was not sold, as the Sioux said of the Hills
   • The act removed land the treaty set up; card B does not show consent
   • Right: removing treaty land is a breach whatever the Sioux Nation agreed
   • Wrong: Congress's acts override treaties, so the act was lawful and no breach
3. 2.

   Card D says 500 million acres were given out and 80 million reached homesteaders. Which statement is fair, Esme asks?

   • About 6 percent reached homesteaders, found by dividing 500 by 80
   • 84 percent reached homesteaders and 16 percent did not
   • 16 percent reached homesteaders, and the rest went to speculators
   • 16 percent; the card does not say where the rest went
4. 3.

   A student says homesteading caused the loss of Native land everywhere. What does card C show, Jun asks?

   • Its role varied, from little in Nebraska to major in the Dakotas
   • It was major in Nebraska, where titles were cleared, and small in the Dakotas
   • It was the main cause in each state, with other causes as helpers
   • It was minor everywhere, since mining and railroads came first in Colorado and Montana
5. 4.

   Joseph says his people never sold the land. The commissioners said they had. Which evidence would best settle it, Kira asks?

   • A later textbook describing the loss of land across the West
   • The commissioners' report, since the commissioners wrote after Joseph
   • The treaty council records and the signatures of those who could sell
   • Another statement by Joseph repeating that his people had not sold the land
6. 5.

   Joseph imagines a man who wants to buy his horses. What does that example argue about consent, Luz asks?

   • A sale needs the owner's agreement, but a chief's word binds his whole people
   • A sale needs the owner's agreement; a deal by others does not bind him
   • A sale needs a government, so officials are the ones who can sell
   • A sale needs a fair price, so a low offer voids the sale
7. 6.

   When Joseph's article appeared in April 1879, where was Sitting Bull, according to card F, and what act had come two years before, Milo asks?

   • In Canada; the Black Hills act of 1877 had come two years before
   • At Fort Buford, after the Black Hills act of 1877 had forced his surrender
   • In the Black Hills, which the act of 1877 had just removed from the reservation
   • On the Standing Rock Reservation, where his followers returned each year
8. 7.

   A note says, "The Lakota and Dakota nations lived at Standing Rock, a reservation that no longer exists." Which fix uses cards B and F, Noah asks?

   • The note is wrong, since Standing Rock governs the whole of the Great Sioux Reservation
   • The note is right until 1881, when Sitting Bull's surrender ended the reservation
   • The note is right, since the Great Sioux Reservation was divided in 1889
   • Standing Rock is one of six reservations made in 1889, and its tribe governs it today
9. 8.

   Card G requires a tribe's consent to sell unallotted land, and in card E commissioners claim a sale that Joseph denies. What do the two show together, Pia asks?

   • Joseph's sale was lawful if the commissioners got consent from any leader
   • Consent was needed just for allotments, not for the surplus, so the sale needed no consent
   • The rule shows little, since consent given under pressure is not consent
   • A rule requiring consent does not show consent was given in a disputed sale
10. 9.

    Card F says Sitting Bull went to Canada in fall 1877, the year of card B's Black Hills act. A student says the act made him go. What do the cards show, Ren asks?

    • The act caused it, since it came in February and he left that fall
    • He went to avoid the division of 1889, which card B describes
    • The act and the 1868 treaty together forced him out of the Hills
    • The dates fit, but no card says why he went north
11. 10.

    Which conclusion do cards A to G support best, Zee asks?

    • Each change to Native land was freely agreed, since card G requires consent
    • Native nations kept the Great Sioux Reservation whole, since the treaty set it up in 1868
    • Homesteading alone caused the loss, since card C names it in three regions
    • Law, treaty and homesteading each changed Native land; consent on paper needs checking