States, nations and boundaries, and how borders changed after wars

Grade 9 Social Studies Worksheet

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Boundary changes in Europe, 1918 to 1922

   Event or fact	Date or figure
   Wilson's Fourteen Points, point 13: an independent Poland with free and secure access to the sea	January 8, 1918
   Treaty of Versailles signed	June 28, 1919
   Treaty of Trianon signed, with Hungary	June 4, 1920
   Hungary after Trianon: share of its pre-war land and people kept	28% of land, 36% of people
   Ethnic Hungarians left outside Hungary's new borders	about 3.3 million
   Upper Silesia plebiscite	March 20, 1921: about 60% for Germany, about 40% for Poland
   Upper Silesia divided by the League of Nations Council, Poland's share	just under a third of the land, almost half of the people, over 80% of the heavy industry

   Note: Versailles gave Poland a strip of land to the Baltic Sea through the settled province of West Prussia. The strip cut East Prussia off from the rest of Germany by land, and in 1922 Germany began a ferry service between the two. Danzig, a mostly German-speaking port, became a Free City under League of Nations protection, without a plebiscite. Hungary's lost land went to Czechoslovakia, Romania and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The Allied Supreme Council could not agree on dividing Upper Silesia, so the Council of the League of Nations made the award. A physical boundary follows a landform; a cultural boundary follows differences of language, religion or ethnicity; a geometric boundary follows straight lines; an antecedent boundary is drawn before an area is settled; a superimposed boundary is drawn over an area that is already settled. Self-determination is the principle that a people should decide its own government.

2. 1.

   Trianon left about 3.3 million ethnic Hungarians outside Hungary. Which kind of boundary does Ari call the new border, and why?

   • Geometric: it was drawn as straight lines, which is how it ignored where people live
   • Superimposed: it was drawn over settled land and cut across where Hungarians lived
   • Cultural: it follows where Hungarians live, which is why the dispute is about culture
   • Antecedent: it was drawn before the area was settled, so it cut across no existing community
3. 2.

   Bo says the Polish corridor was an antecedent boundary. Check the claim against the note.

   • Yes: it was drawn in a new treaty before Poland used the strip, so it came before settlement
   • No: antecedent means drawn before settlement, and the corridor cut through settled West Prussia
   • Yes: an antecedent boundary ignores the cultural pattern of an area, and the corridor did that
   • No: it was a cultural boundary, because Poles lived along the whole strip to the sea
4. 3.

   About 60% voted for Germany in Upper Silesia, yet Poland received over 80% of the heavy industry. What does Esme conclude about the award?

   • The vote went to Poland, so Poland received most of the industry as the winner of the vote
   • It ignored the vote, since the League gave Poland more land than the 40% it had won in the vote
   • It followed the vote: Germany kept about 60% of the land and Poland about 40% of it, as voted
   • Not a plain majority rule: about 60% voted German, yet Poland got over 80% of the industry
5. 4.

   Point 13 called for a Poland with free and secure access to the sea. Which claim does it back, Jun?

   • The claim of Danzig's German speakers to decide their own government and borders
   • Poland's claim to Danzig, since a free port is needed for secure access to the sea
   • Germany's claim to keep East Prussia joined by land to the rest of Germany
   • Poland's claim to a sea outlet, though it does not say Danzig must be Polish
6. 5.

   Danzig was mostly German-speaking and Poland needed a port. The Free City came without a plebiscite. What did that balance, Kira?

   • Poland's need for sea access against Danzig's German speakers, neither getting its full claim
   • It gave Poland the port in full, since point 13 required it as a free and secure outlet for trade
   • It settled the matter by a plebiscite of Danzig's people, which chose the Free City over both Germany and Poland
   • It gave self-determination to Danzig's German speakers and no sea route to Poland whatsoever
7. 6.

   About 3.3 million ethnic Hungarians lived outside Hungary after Trianon. Which principle backs Hungary's complaint, and what stands against it, Luz?

   • Self-determination backs it; against it stand the three neighbors that received the land
   • No principle backs it, since a treaty signed in 1920 settles any claim made after its signing
   • Self-determination backs the three neighbors, since they gained land and so decided its fate
   • Point 13 backs it, since a free Hungary also needs a secure outlet to the sea for its trade
8. 7.

   How did the Polish corridor shift access to the sea and to East Prussia, Milo?

   • Both gained a route to the sea: Poland by land and Germany by way of a ferry from 1922 onward
   • Poland gained a land route to the sea; Germany lost its land link to East Prussia and began a ferry
   • Germany gained a land route to the Baltic Sea; Poland lost its link to East Prussia and began a ferry
   • Poland gained Danzig's port in full, while Germany kept its land link to East Prussia unbroken
9. 8.

   Hungary kept 28% of its land and 36% of its people. What does Pia conclude about the land it lost?

   • The lost land held 36% of the people, the same share as the part Hungary kept
   • The lost land was more crowded than the part Hungary kept, since it was most of the land
   • The two parts were equally crowded, since the land shares and people shares each add to 100%
   • The lost 72% of land held 64% of the people, so it was less crowded than the part Hungary kept
10. 9.

    Tala says the corridor was unfair to Germany because it cut East Prussia off. What do point 13 and the ferry add?

    • The ferry shows Germany lost nothing, since it still reached East Prussia by sea
    • Point 13 shows sea access was a stated aim; the ferry shows Germany bore a cost
    • Point 13 settles the argument, since a stated aim outweighs any cost the ferry shows
    • The ferry shows the corridor failed, so point 13 should be set aside as mistaken
11. 10.

    Zee says self-determination decided every border in the chart. Test the claim.

    • No: just Hungary's borders ignored it, and the other three followed the people's choices
    • No: Danzig had no vote, and the Upper Silesia award and Trianon did not follow the people
    • Yes: the Free City, the award and Trianon each protected a people's right to decide its borders
    • Yes: the Upper Silesia plebiscite shows each border in the chart followed a vote of the people