Kinds of work and how geographers measure development

Grade 9 Social Studies Worksheet - Building Confidence

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Use this

   Card A. Where people work, 2024 (share of workers; ILO estimates published by the World Bank). Country | Farming, forestry and fishing | Industry | Services: Niger | 73.5% | 9.2% | 17.3%; India | 42.4% | 25.4% | 32.3%; China | 22.2% | 31.6% | 46.2%; Brazil | 7.7% | 20.3% | 72.0%; Germany | 1.1% | 26.3% | 72.6%; United States | 1.6% | 19.0% | 79.4%. Note: Farming, forestry and fishing is the primary sector. Industry is mostly the secondary sector, and the World Bank counts mining and construction in it. Services is the tertiary sector. Card A has no quaternary column: research and information jobs are counted in Services.

2. 1.

   Luz looks for a pattern in the industry column of Card A, going down from Niger to the United States. What does it show?

   • Industry's share rises as farming's share falls, row after row down the table from Niger to the United States
   • The countries with the biggest services shares also have the biggest industry shares, since both grow as farming shrinks
   • Industry is the smallest of the three sectors in most of the six countries, as it is in Niger and India
   • Industry's share peaks at China, a middle row, and is lower at both the most farming-heavy and the most services-heavy rows
3. 2.

   Tala says: "Brazil's economy is more advanced than China's, because 72.0% of Brazil's workers are in services and only 46.2% of China's." What does Card A support?

   • Brazil has the bigger services share and China the bigger industry share; with no output or income given, it cannot rank them
   • China is less advanced, because its 22.2% of workers still in farming holds back the rest of its economy
   • Brazil is more advanced, because a bigger services share means a country has moved further beyond farming and factory work
   • China is more advanced, because its 31.6% industry share means it makes more goods than Brazil's 20.3% does
4. 3.

   Jun imagines India's mix of jobs changing to China's mix. Where would India's farm share of workers mostly go?

   • Mostly into services, up about 14 points, with about 6 points going to industry
   • Mostly into industry, because China is known for its factories, so its industry column must take the larger gain
   • Equally into industry and services, because both columns are higher in China's row than in India's row
   • Entirely into services, because the 20-point farming drop matches the rise in the services column

5. Use this

   Card B (made up for practice). Four jobs in the coastal town of Kelp Cove. Jo cuts kelp from the sea from a boat. Mei runs a plant that dries the kelp and packs it into snack bags. Dev drives the snack bags to shops in other towns. Lena works in a lab, testing recipes and writing research reports. Note: geographers call work that takes raw materials from nature primary, work that makes goods secondary, work that provides services tertiary, and work that handles information and research quaternary.

6. 4.

   Bo imagines Mei moving to a counter that sells the snack bags to visitors. Does Mei's sector change?

   • No, she stays secondary, because the counter is at the same plant where she worked when she packed the bags
   • No, she stays secondary, because the bags she hands over are still goods that the plant made from kelp
   • Yes, to quaternary, because the counter work involves prices and orders, which are information that she must handle
   • Yes, from secondary to tertiary, because she now serves customers instead of turning kelp into a product
7. 5.

   Milo imagines Jo's boat now carrying visitors to watch the kelp harvest instead of cutting kelp. Which describes Jo's job?

   • Quaternary, because the guide has to share what is known about kelp with the visitors on board
   • Secondary, because the boat is still a machine that has to be kept running and kept in repair
   • Primary, because the boat still works on the same sea beside the same kelp beds as it did before
   • Tertiary, because the boat now serves visitors and Jo no longer takes anything from nature

8. Use this

   Card A. Where people work, 2024 (share of workers; ILO estimates published by the World Bank). Country | Farming, forestry and fishing | Industry | Services: Niger | 73.5% | 9.2% | 17.3%; India | 42.4% | 25.4% | 32.3%; China | 22.2% | 31.6% | 46.2%; Brazil | 7.7% | 20.3% | 72.0%; Germany | 1.1% | 26.3% | 72.6%; United States | 1.6% | 19.0% | 79.4%. Note: Farming, forestry and fishing is the primary sector. Industry is mostly the secondary sector, and the World Bank counts mining and construction in it. Services is the tertiary sector. Card A has no quaternary column: research and information jobs are counted in Services. Card B (made up for practice). Four jobs in the coastal town of Kelp Cove. Jo cuts kelp from the sea from a boat. Mei runs a plant that dries the kelp and packs it into snack bags. Dev drives the snack bags to shops in other towns. Lena works in a lab, testing recipes and writing research reports. Note: geographers call work that takes raw materials from nature primary, work that makes goods secondary, work that provides services tertiary, and work that handles information and research quaternary.

9. 6.

   Zee says Kelp Cove's lab hires ten more researchers. Which Card A column would show that growth?

   • Farming, forestry and fishing, because the research is about kelp that Jo takes from the sea
   • Services, because Card A counts research and information jobs there
   • Industry, because the lab uses machines and equipment, and machines are what factories are built around
   • Industry, because the recipes the lab tests lead to the snack bags that the plant makes and sells

10. Use this

    Card C (made up for practice). Where people work in two towns, as shares of workers. Aldervale, 1970: farming 55%, industry 20%, services 25%. Aldervale, 2020: farming 8%, industry 22%, services 70%. Pinebank, 1970: farming 40%, industry 30%, services 30%. Pinebank, 2020: farming 6%, industry 14%, services 80%.

11. 7.

    Kira compares Aldervale and Pinebank on Card C from 1970 to 2020. Which statement does the card support?

    • Industry's share rose in both towns as farming fell, so both towns became more industrial over the fifty years
    • Services grew in both towns because farming shrank, which is what the card shows for each of the towns
    • Farming's share fell sharply in both towns, and services became the largest share in both
    • Pinebank's industry share fell, so some of Pinebank's factories must have closed between 1970 and 2020
12. 8.

    Ren traces how each town's industry share moved on Card C. Which statement about the two routes to a services economy is supported?

    • Aldervale's industry share grew from 20% to 22%, so Aldervale industrialized while Pinebank did the opposite
    • Towns go from farming to industry to services, so Aldervale also had the same large factory stage as Pinebank
    • Pinebank's services share rose more because its industry share fell, so a falling industry share causes service growth
    • Aldervale's industry share stayed near 20% while Pinebank's fell by more than half, so the routes differed
13. 9.

    Esme adds up Pinebank's changes on Card C: farming down 34 points, industry down 16, services up 50. Which statement is a fair reading?

    • Farming's 34-point fall is the main reason services rose 50 points, and industry's fall is too small to matter
    • Services gained far more than farming lost, so Pinebank must have added a lot of new workers in services
    • The services gain equals the farming and industry losses together; the mix changed, not necessarily the workers
    • The same people who left Pinebank's farms and factories now work in services, since the points match exactly

14. Use this

    Card A. Where people work, 2024 (share of workers; ILO estimates published by the World Bank). Country | Farming, forestry and fishing | Industry | Services: Niger | 73.5% | 9.2% | 17.3%; India | 42.4% | 25.4% | 32.3%; China | 22.2% | 31.6% | 46.2%; Brazil | 7.7% | 20.3% | 72.0%; Germany | 1.1% | 26.3% | 72.6%; United States | 1.6% | 19.0% | 79.4%. Note: Farming, forestry and fishing is the primary sector. Industry is mostly the secondary sector, and the World Bank counts mining and construction in it. Services is the tertiary sector. Card A has no quaternary column: research and information jobs are counted in Services. Card C (made up for practice). Where people work in two towns, as shares of workers. Aldervale, 1970: farming 55%, industry 20%, services 25%. Aldervale, 2020: farming 8%, industry 22%, services 70%. Pinebank, 1970: farming 40%, industry 30%, services 30%. Pinebank, 2020: farming 6%, industry 14%, services 80%.

15. 10.

    Noah sees that Pinebank's 2020 services share (80%) is close to the United States' (79.4%) on Card A. What is a fair comparison?

    • Pinebank has the stronger services economy, because its 80% is higher than the United States' 79.4% share
    • Pinebank is as developed as the United States, because their services shares are nearly the same in size
    • Both have about four in five workers in services, but Pinebank's industry share is the smaller of the two
    • Their job mixes are almost identical, because the two services shares are within one point of each other