How languages and customs spread

Grade 9 Social Studies Worksheet - Challenge Me

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Use this

   Card G. Where jazz is played. Early 1910s: New Orleans jazz begins, mixing brass band marches, ragtime and blues with group improvisation. 1917 to the 1920s and after: the first jazz recordings are made early in 1917; the 1920s become known as the Jazz Age; jazz spreads around the world, and musicians in many countries mix it with their own music, making new styles. Note: in relocation diffusion people carry a trait to a new place as they move. In expansion diffusion a trait spreads outward while staying strong where it began. Hierarchical diffusion passes a trait from larger places or people to smaller ones; contagious diffusion passes it from person to person, nearest first; stimulus diffusion takes up the idea in a changed form.

2. 1.

   Noah says jazz's spread around the world was contagious diffusion. What on Card G strains that claim?

   • The 1920s Jazz Age shows jazz was popular, and a popular trait spreads through contact with its fans
   • Musicians in many countries mixed jazz with their own music, which shows contact between players
   • Jazz began in New Orleans, so it must have spread outward from New Orleans, which is how contagious spread works
   • Recordings (first made in 1917) could reach far-off listeners without person-to-person contact
3. 2.

   Ari asks which model Card G's "musicians in many countries mix it with their own music" fits best.

   • Hierarchical diffusion, because jazz moved from big cities to smaller places, which is how new music usually spreads
   • Contagious diffusion, since it spreads person to person and the new styles show contact among musicians
   • Relocation, because musicians carried jazz to their countries as they moved, so the trait traveled with them
   • Stimulus diffusion, because the idea was taken up in changed forms that mix jazz with local music
4. 3.

   Luz writes: "Recordings made jazz spread around the world." What fits Card G best?

   • The note is wrong, because jazz spread around the world in the early 1910s, before any recordings
   • The dates put the first recordings (1917) before the spread, but the card does not say they caused it
   • The note is right, because the card places the first recordings in 1917 and the spread afterward
   • Nothing can be said, since a single card cannot give an order of events or show what came before what

5. Use this

   Card H. Where basketball is played. 1891 to 1895: in December 1891, James Naismith, a physical education instructor, invents basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts; it spreads quickly through the United States and Canada; by 1895 it is well established at several women's high schools. 1932 to today: FIBA, the international basketball federation, is founded in 1932 by eight nations; basketball is an Olympic sport from 1936; today it is one of the world's most popular sports, with a World Cup. Note: in relocation diffusion people carry a trait to a new place as they move. In expansion diffusion a trait spreads outward while staying strong where it began. Hierarchical diffusion passes a trait from larger places or people to smaller ones; contagious diffusion passes it from person to person, nearest first; stimulus diffusion takes up the idea in a changed form.

6. 4.

   Jun tests "contagious diffusion explains basketball's early spread" on Card H. What supports the claim, and what limits it?

   • Nothing fits, because Naismith invented it in one place and nearest-first needs more than one starting place
   • Everything on Card H fits nearest-first, because each date lies after the one before it in order
   • Quick spread through the United States and Canada fits nearest-first, but FIBA's 1932 founding by eight nations does not
   • Naismith's invention in Springfield shows contagious spread, since the inventor taught it to the nearest players
7. 5.

   Pia writes: "Basketball shows contagious diffusion because it spread fast." What is the best correction using Card H?

   • Speed is not the test: contagious means person to person, nearest first, which FIBA and the Olympics are not
   • The note is right for the United States and Canada, so it must be right for the nations that joined FIBA
   • It spread fast because of FIBA, so the note is wrong about speed but right that organizations drove it
   • Fast spread is hierarchical, so the note should say basketball moved from large places to small ones

8. Use this

   Card G. Where jazz is played. Early 1910s: New Orleans jazz begins, mixing brass band marches, ragtime and blues with group improvisation. 1917 to the 1920s and after: the first jazz recordings are made early in 1917; the 1920s become known as the Jazz Age; jazz spreads around the world, and musicians in many countries mix it with their own music, making new styles. Note: in relocation diffusion people carry a trait to a new place as they move. In expansion diffusion a trait spreads outward while staying strong where it began. Hierarchical diffusion passes a trait from larger places or people to smaller ones; contagious diffusion passes it from person to person, nearest first; stimulus diffusion takes up the idea in a changed form. Card H. Where basketball is played. 1891 to 1895: in December 1891, James Naismith, a physical education instructor, invents basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts; it spreads quickly through the United States and Canada; by 1895 it is well established at several women's high schools. 1932 to today: FIBA, the international basketball federation, is founded in 1932 by eight nations; basketball is an Olympic sport from 1936; today it is one of the world's most popular sports, with a World Cup. Note: in relocation diffusion people carry a trait to a new place as they move. In expansion diffusion a trait spreads outward while staying strong where it began. Hierarchical diffusion passes a trait from larger places or people to smaller ones; contagious diffusion passes it from person to person, nearest first; stimulus diffusion takes up the idea in a changed form.

9. 6.

   Bo compares jazz and basketball on Cards G and H. Which statement is supported?

   • Each began in one US place and later reached many nations, but the cards give each a different carrier
   • Jazz needed no carrier, because music spreads by itself from any country that loves it
   • Each spread by the same model, since each began in one place and each reached the world
   • Basketball spread first in the 1890s, so jazz must have copied the route it took around the world

10. Use this

    Card I (made up for practice). Newspapers in Tamaria. Year 1: a Tamarian printer sees a newspaper from another country and prints a weekly in Tamarian script, with local stories and poems instead of the foreign paper's columns and advertisements. Years 2 to 10: six more Tamarian weeklies appear in nearby towns, each started by someone who read the first one. Note: in relocation diffusion people carry a trait to a new place as they move. In expansion diffusion a trait spreads outward while staying strong where it began. Hierarchical diffusion passes a trait from larger places or people to smaller ones; contagious diffusion passes it from person to person, nearest first; stimulus diffusion takes up the idea in a changed form.

11. 7.

    Milo asks how the idea of the newspaper reached Tamaria in year 1 on Card I. Which model fits?

    • Stimulus diffusion: the printer took up the idea of a newspaper but changed it to suit Tamaria
    • Relocation: the foreign newspaper's printers moved to Tamaria and carried the trait with them
    • Hierarchical diffusion: the idea passed from a larger country to a smaller one, which is what the printer's move shows
    • Expansion: the foreign newspaper stayed strong in its own country while the idea spread outward to Tamaria
12. 8.

    Zee asks which model fits years 2 to 10 on Card I, when six more weeklies appear in nearby towns.

    • Contagious diffusion: each of the six weeklies was started by someone who read the first one, in nearby towns
    • Stimulus diffusion again, because each weekly takes up the idea of a newspaper in a changed form
    • Hierarchical diffusion: the six towns are smaller than the first, so the idea passed from larger to smaller
    • Relocation: the first weekly's printer moved to each of the six towns and set up a paper

13. Use this

    Card I (made up for practice). Newspapers in Tamaria. Year 1: a Tamarian printer sees a newspaper from another country and prints a weekly in Tamarian script, with local stories and poems instead of the foreign paper's columns and advertisements. Years 2 to 10: six more Tamarian weeklies appear in nearby towns, each started by someone who read the first one. Note: in relocation diffusion people carry a trait to a new place as they move. In expansion diffusion a trait spreads outward while staying strong where it began. Hierarchical diffusion passes a trait from larger places or people to smaller ones; contagious diffusion passes it from person to person, nearest first; stimulus diffusion takes up the idea in a changed form. Card G. Where jazz is played. Early 1910s: New Orleans jazz begins, mixing brass band marches, ragtime and blues with group improvisation. 1917 to the 1920s and after: the first jazz recordings are made early in 1917; the 1920s become known as the Jazz Age; jazz spreads around the world, and musicians in many countries mix it with their own music, making new styles. Note: in relocation diffusion people carry a trait to a new place as they move. In expansion diffusion a trait spreads outward while staying strong where it began. Hierarchical diffusion passes a trait from larger places or people to smaller ones; contagious diffusion passes it from person to person, nearest first; stimulus diffusion takes up the idea in a changed form.

14. 9.

    Kira compares Tamaria's newspapers (Card I) with jazz abroad (Card G). What do both show about stimulus diffusion?

    • In both, the idea came from the same place, which explains why both took a changed form
    • In both, the idea was taken up and changed to fit local ways: script and stories, or local music
    • In both, the changed form spread faster than the original, which explains why they became popular
    • In both, the original form stayed the same everywhere, which is why stimulus diffusion is easy to spot

15. Use this

    Card G. Where jazz is played. Early 1910s: New Orleans jazz begins, mixing brass band marches, ragtime and blues with group improvisation. 1917 to the 1920s and after: the first jazz recordings are made early in 1917; the 1920s become known as the Jazz Age; jazz spreads around the world, and musicians in many countries mix it with their own music, making new styles. Note: in relocation diffusion people carry a trait to a new place as they move. In expansion diffusion a trait spreads outward while staying strong where it began. Hierarchical diffusion passes a trait from larger places or people to smaller ones; contagious diffusion passes it from person to person, nearest first; stimulus diffusion takes up the idea in a changed form.

16. 10.

    Esme writes: "Jazz spread by hierarchical diffusion, from New Orleans to smaller places." What is the best correction using Card G?

    • The note is wrong, because a model cannot be tested with a start and an end date, and Card G gives just those
    • The note is right, since recordings made in cities reached smaller towns later, which is how new music tends to move
    • The note is right, because New Orleans was a large city and jazz moved down to smaller towns
    • Card G names New Orleans as the start but no larger or smaller places, so hierarchical spread is not shown