How languages and customs spread

Grade 9 Social Studies Worksheet - Challenge Me

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Use this

   Card G. Where jazz is played. Early 1910s: New Orleans jazz begins, mixing brass band marches, ragtime and blues with group improvisation. 1917 to the 1920s and after: the first jazz recordings are made early in 1917; the 1920s become known as the Jazz Age; jazz spreads around the world, and musicians in many countries mix it with their own music, making new styles. Note: in relocation diffusion people carry a trait to a new place as they move. In expansion diffusion a trait spreads outward while staying strong where it began. Hierarchical diffusion passes a trait from larger places or people to smaller ones; contagious diffusion passes it from person to person, nearest first; stimulus diffusion takes up the idea in a changed form.

2. 1.

   Noah says jazz's spread around the world was contagious diffusion. What on Card G strains that claim?

   • The 1920s Jazz Age shows jazz was popular, and a popular trait spreads through contact with its fans
   • Musicians in many countries mixed jazz with their own music, which shows contact between players
   • Recordings (first made in 1917) could reach far-off listeners without person-to-person contact
   • Jazz began in New Orleans, so it must have spread outward from New Orleans, which is how contagious spread works
3. 2.

   Ari asks which model Card G's "musicians in many countries mix it with their own music" fits best.

   • Hierarchical diffusion, because jazz moved from big cities to smaller places, which is how new music usually spreads
   • Relocation, because musicians carried jazz to their countries as they moved, so the trait traveled with them
   • Contagious diffusion, since it spreads person to person and the new styles show contact among musicians
   • Stimulus diffusion, because the idea was taken up in changed forms that mix jazz with local music
4. 3.

   Luz writes: "Recordings made jazz spread around the world." What fits Card G best?

   • Nothing can be said, since a single card cannot give an order of events or show what came before what
   • The dates put the first recordings (1917) before the spread, but the card does not say they caused it
   • The note is right, because the card places the first recordings in 1917 and the spread afterward
   • The note is wrong, because jazz spread around the world in the early 1910s, before any recordings

5. Use this

   Card H. Where basketball is played. 1891 to 1895: in December 1891, James Naismith, a physical education instructor, invents basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts; it spreads quickly through the United States and Canada; by 1895 it is well established at several women's high schools. 1932 to today: FIBA, the international basketball federation, is founded in 1932 by eight nations; basketball is an Olympic sport from 1936; today it is one of the world's most popular sports, with a World Cup. Note: in relocation diffusion people carry a trait to a new place as they move. In expansion diffusion a trait spreads outward while staying strong where it began. Hierarchical diffusion passes a trait from larger places or people to smaller ones; contagious diffusion passes it from person to person, nearest first; stimulus diffusion takes up the idea in a changed form.

6. 4.

   Tala asks which fact on Card H best shows organizations, not person-to-person contact, carrying basketball abroad.

   • Naismith invented basketball in Springfield in December 1891, which shows where an organization began it
   • By 1895 it was well established at several women's high schools, which are organizations spreading it to other nations
   • FIBA was founded in 1932 by eight nations, and basketball became an Olympic sport in 1936
   • Basketball spread quickly through the United States and Canada, which shows how it passed from one organization to the next
7. 5.

   Jun tests "contagious diffusion explains basketball's early spread" on Card H. What supports the claim, and what limits it?

   • Everything on Card H fits nearest-first, because each date lies after the one before it in order
   • Nothing fits, because Naismith invented it in one place and nearest-first needs more than one starting place
   • Naismith's invention in Springfield shows contagious spread, since the inventor taught it to the nearest players
   • Quick spread through the United States and Canada fits nearest-first, but FIBA's 1932 founding by eight nations does not
8. 6.

   Pia writes: "Basketball shows contagious diffusion because it spread fast." What is the best correction using Card H?

   • The note is right for the United States and Canada, so it must be right for the nations that joined FIBA
   • Speed is not the test: contagious means person to person, nearest first, which FIBA and the Olympics are not
   • It spread fast because of FIBA, so the note is wrong about speed but right that organizations drove it
   • Fast spread is hierarchical, so the note should say basketball moved from large places to small ones

9. Use this

   Card I (made up for practice). Newspapers in Tamaria. Year 1: a Tamarian printer sees a newspaper from another country and prints a weekly in Tamarian script, with local stories and poems instead of the foreign paper's columns and advertisements. Years 2 to 10: six more Tamarian weeklies appear in nearby towns, each started by someone who read the first one. Note: in relocation diffusion people carry a trait to a new place as they move. In expansion diffusion a trait spreads outward while staying strong where it began. Hierarchical diffusion passes a trait from larger places or people to smaller ones; contagious diffusion passes it from person to person, nearest first; stimulus diffusion takes up the idea in a changed form.

10. 7.

    Milo asks how the idea of the newspaper reached Tamaria in year 1 on Card I. Which model fits?

    • Hierarchical diffusion: the idea passed from a larger country to a smaller one, which is what the printer's move shows
    • Expansion: the foreign newspaper stayed strong in its own country while the idea spread outward to Tamaria
    • Relocation: the foreign newspaper's printers moved to Tamaria and carried the trait with them
    • Stimulus diffusion: the printer took up the idea of a newspaper but changed it to suit Tamaria
11. 8.

    Zee asks which model fits years 2 to 10 on Card I, when six more weeklies appear in nearby towns.

    • Hierarchical diffusion: the six towns are smaller than the first, so the idea passed from larger to smaller
    • Contagious diffusion: each of the six weeklies was started by someone who read the first one, in nearby towns
    • Relocation: the first weekly's printer moved to each of the six towns and set up a paper
    • Stimulus diffusion again, because each weekly takes up the idea of a newspaper in a changed form

12. Use this

    Card H. Where basketball is played. 1891 to 1895: in December 1891, James Naismith, a physical education instructor, invents basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts; it spreads quickly through the United States and Canada; by 1895 it is well established at several women's high schools. 1932 to today: FIBA, the international basketball federation, is founded in 1932 by eight nations; basketball is an Olympic sport from 1936; today it is one of the world's most popular sports, with a World Cup. Note: in relocation diffusion people carry a trait to a new place as they move. In expansion diffusion a trait spreads outward while staying strong where it began. Hierarchical diffusion passes a trait from larger places or people to smaller ones; contagious diffusion passes it from person to person, nearest first; stimulus diffusion takes up the idea in a changed form. Card I (made up for practice). Newspapers in Tamaria. Year 1: a Tamarian printer sees a newspaper from another country and prints a weekly in Tamarian script, with local stories and poems instead of the foreign paper's columns and advertisements. Years 2 to 10: six more Tamarian weeklies appear in nearby towns, each started by someone who read the first one. Note: in relocation diffusion people carry a trait to a new place as they move. In expansion diffusion a trait spreads outward while staying strong where it began. Hierarchical diffusion passes a trait from larger places or people to smaller ones; contagious diffusion passes it from person to person, nearest first; stimulus diffusion takes up the idea in a changed form.

13. 9.

    Ren writes: "Basketball and Tamaria's newspapers both show stimulus diffusion." What is the best correction using Cards H and I?

    • The note is right for basketball, because FIBA and the Olympics adapted the game for each nation
    • Card I shows a changed form, so stimulus fits Tamaria; Card H shows no changed form for basketball
    • The note is right for both, because each card shows an idea that spread to new places
    • The note is wrong for both, because one invented case cannot show a model and one real case needs more dates

14. Use this

    Card G. Where jazz is played. Early 1910s: New Orleans jazz begins, mixing brass band marches, ragtime and blues with group improvisation. 1917 to the 1920s and after: the first jazz recordings are made early in 1917; the 1920s become known as the Jazz Age; jazz spreads around the world, and musicians in many countries mix it with their own music, making new styles. Note: in relocation diffusion people carry a trait to a new place as they move. In expansion diffusion a trait spreads outward while staying strong where it began. Hierarchical diffusion passes a trait from larger places or people to smaller ones; contagious diffusion passes it from person to person, nearest first; stimulus diffusion takes up the idea in a changed form.

15. 10.

    Esme writes: "Jazz spread by hierarchical diffusion, from New Orleans to smaller places." What is the best correction using Card G?

    • The note is right, because New Orleans was a large city and jazz moved down to smaller towns
    • Card G names New Orleans as the start but no larger or smaller places, so hierarchical spread is not shown
    • The note is wrong, because a model cannot be tested with a start and an end date, and Card G gives just those
    • The note is right, since recordings made in cities reached smaller towns later, which is how new music tends to move