Earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and droughts: where and why
Grade 9 Social Studies Worksheet
Circle the best answer.
Read this first
Card A, plate map of Region Ardmoor (an invented region, made up for practice)
a plate edge runs along the coast for 600 km, then turns inland and runs through the Veld Mountains. The southern coast lies 300 km from any plate edge. Card B, earthquake map: each dot is a past earthquake. Dots crowd along the coastal stretch of the plate edge and along the mountain stretch; the southern coast has only 3 dots. Card C, building rule: Ardmoor's code asks every building to withstand the largest earthquake with a 10% chance of happening at its own site within 50 years. Ways to build for it include strong, flexible frames and base isolation, which lets a building move apart from the ground's shaking. Card D, two sites from the hazard map: Site 1, the harbor, 12 km from the plate edge, has 60 dots within 50 km, and its 10%-in-50-years earthquake would shake it strongly. Site 2, a plains town on the southern coast, has 3 dots within 50 km, and the same likelihood gives weak shaking there.
Which reading of Cards A and B fits the dots along the coast and the Veld Mountains, Luz asks?
- The dots follow the plate edge, even where it turns inland, so the edge explains them better than the coast
- The dots spread evenly along the whole coast, so the plate edge makes no difference
- The dots follow the coastline, since they crowd along the coast where the plate edge runs
- The dots follow mountains, since the Veld Mountains have many dots and mountains themselves cause earthquakes
Milo sees that the southern coast, 300 km from any plate edge, has 3 dots. What do Cards A and B support?
- Earthquakes can occur away from plate edges, but far less often than along them
- The three dots are map errors, since dots belong near plate edges
- That coast is safe from earthquakes, since earthquakes need a plate edge to start
- The three dots show that a hidden plate edge must run along that coast too
Noah asks whether Ardmoor's code (Card C) requires the same building strength at Site 1 and Site 2 (Card D).
- No: the code is tied to each site's own earthquake, which shakes Site 1 strongly and Site 2 weakly
- Yes: the code names one likelihood, 10% in 50 years, so each building must be equally strong at either site
- Yes: a Site 1 earthquake could someday reach Site 2, so Site 2 must resist strong shaking
- No: Site 2 has no plate edge nearby, so the code does not apply there
A hospital at Site 1 uses base isolation. Pia asks what that choice and Card C say.
- It replaces the code, since a building that moves apart from the ground needs no strength rule
- It is required by the code at strong-shaking sites, so each such building must use it
- It is one way to meet the strong-shaking requirement; the code sets the target, not the method
- It stops the ground at Site 1 from shaking under the building
A planner says Site 1's 60 dots against Site 2's 3 mean 20 times the strength. What does Card C support, Ren asks?
- Neither site needs a rule, since dots record the past and cannot guide the design of new buildings
- Strength follows the shaking of each site's own earthquake; a ratio of dot counts is not a ratio of strength
- Strength should scale with distance from the plate edge: 12 km against 300 km
- The planner is right: 60 against 3 is 20 times, so the code scales building strength with the dot counts
Tala's note: 'Earthquakes happen only on plate edges, so a town 300 km from an edge needs no earthquake-resistant building.' Which fix fits the cards?
- Towns far from edges need the same strength as the harbor, because the code ignores distance
- Earthquakes cluster near edges but occur elsewhere, and Site 2 still needs strength for its weak shaking
- Soften the first word to 'mostly'; the rest stands, because 300 km from an edge is too far for any shaking
- Change nothing; 3 dots on the southern coast are too few to count
Use this
Card E, Tamsin (an invented island, made up for practice). Map 1, landforms and plates: a plate edge runs along the whole west coast; no other plate edge lies on the island. Hills fill the north and a low plain lies in the south. Map 2, hazards: earthquake dots crowd along the west coast, and none lie in the hills. Storm-track arrows from the warm eastern sea reach the east coast and the south plain in most years; none cross the northern hills. Card F, people on Tamsin (invented numbers): west coast 90,000; east coast 50,000; south plain 40,000; northern hills 20,000.
The council must fund one project first. By Cards E and F, which statement about people exposed is best supported, Ari asks?
- Neither hazard threatens anyone yet, since dots and arrows record the past
- Quakes reach more people, since the west coast is the largest single group of people on the island, at 90,000
- Storms reach more people, since their arrows cover two areas and the dots cover just one area
- About 90,000 people live where quakes crowd and about 90,000 where storms arrive, so neither ranks higher
Card A, plate map of Region Ardmoor (an invented region, made up for practice)
a plate edge runs along the coast for 600 km, then turns inland and runs through the Veld Mountains. The southern coast lies 300 km from any plate edge. Card B, earthquake map: each dot is a past earthquake. Dots crowd along the coastal stretch of the plate edge and along the mountain stretch; the southern coast has only 3 dots. Card C, building rule: Ardmoor's code asks every building to withstand the largest earthquake with a 10% chance of happening at its own site within 50 years. Ways to build for it include strong, flexible frames and base isolation, which lets a building move apart from the ground's shaking. Card D, two sites from the hazard map: Site 1, the harbor, 12 km from the plate edge, has 60 dots within 50 km, and its 10%-in-50-years earthquake would shake it strongly. Site 2, a plains town on the southern coast, has 3 dots within 50 km, and the same likelihood gives weak shaking there.
Bo's note: 'The code's 10% chance in 50 years means the large earthquake is not expected for 50 years.' Which fix is right?
- It means a 10% chance that the earthquake arrives in year 50, the end of the period, and not in any year before then
- After 50 quiet years the chance becomes 100%, so the earthquake is certain then
- The 10% is the chance it happens at some point in the 50 years, so it could come next year; it is not a date
- It means the earthquake would shake 10% of Ardmoor's buildings
Use this
Card E, Tamsin (an invented island, made up for practice). Map 1, landforms and plates: a plate edge runs along the whole west coast; no other plate edge lies on the island. Hills fill the north and a low plain lies in the south. Map 2, hazards: earthquake dots crowd along the west coast, and none lie in the hills. Storm-track arrows from the warm eastern sea reach the east coast and the south plain in most years; none cross the northern hills. Card F, people on Tamsin (invented numbers): west coast 90,000; east coast 50,000; south plain 40,000; northern hills 20,000.
Esme's note: 'The arrows prove a storm will hit the south plain next year.' Which fix fits Cards E and F?
- Delete the note: arrows from past storms are no evidence about the plain
- Say the arrows show 40,000 people will be hit next year, since that is the plain's population
- Change the first verb to 'show' but keep 'next year', since arrows that reach the plain in most years show a storm is coming
- Say the arrows show past storms reached the south plain in most years, so its 40,000 people should plan for storms
Tamsin's agency will run one school drill type in each area. Which plan fits both maps best, Jun asks?
- Both drills in each area, since dots and arrows could move next year
- Earthquake drills in the hills, since hills are land raised by the same plates as the dots
- Storm drills on the west coast, since schools beside any coast face the sea
- Earthquake drills in west-coast schools and storm drills in east-coast and south-plain schools