The causes of World War I: alliances, militarism, empires and nationalism

Grade 10 Social Studies Worksheet - Challenge Me

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Use this

   Cards A to E, summaries in our words, written today, except card B. Card A (causes named by historians): Long-term causes include alliances that split Europe in two; militarism, shown in the naval race and in large conscript armies; imperial rivalry, in which Germany sought the status of a world power and Britain saw its navy as a threat; and nationalism in the Balkans. The assassination of June 28, 1914 is called the trigger. Card B, two invented readings, made up for this sheet and not from any historian. Reading X: "The war came mainly because Germany's leaders chose to risk war in 1914." Reading Y: "The war came mainly because the alliances turned a local crisis into a general one." Card C (the Balkans and Russia): Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia sought to bring in their peoples still under Ottoman rule. Russia's setback in the Bosnian Crisis of 1908 to 1909 and its need to protect Serbia or lose the Balkans shaped its choices in July 1914. Card D (Berlin): In August 1914 the military and political leadership of Germany concluded that war should be risked "now or never." Germany supported Austria-Hungary and Russia stood by Serbia. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919 held Germany responsible for the war in its war guilt clause. Card E (the road to 1914): France and Russia allied in 1894. Britain aligned with France in 1904 and Russia in 1907. The dreadnought race began in 1906. The assassination was on June 28, 1914. Austria-Hungary sent Serbia an ultimatum on July 23 and declared war on July 28. Germany declared war on Russia on August 1 and on France on August 3. Britain declared war on Germany on August 4.

2. 1.

   Card A calls the assassination the trigger and lists long-term causes. Ari asks how a historian can say both mattered.

   • The long-term causes made the war certain, so the trigger made no difference
   • Long-term causes made a wider war possible; the trigger set off this crisis
   • Each cause explains one fifth of the war, a fair share among five items
   • The trigger mattered more, since without it the war would not have started that summer
3. 2.

   Card D says Germany's leaders risked war "now or never," and card C says Russia had to protect Serbia. Bo asks how both can be true.

   • Card C shows Russia chose war, and card D shows Germany merely responded to it
   • Each leadership saw its own stakes at risk, so both saw reasons to act
   • Germany risked war because Russia had mobilized, as card C shows
   • They cancel out, since two sides cannot both be driven by fear at the same time
4. 3.

   Card E puts the Entente (1904, 1907) and the dreadnought race (1906) in the same years. Esme asks how to reconcile them as causes.

   • The Entente caused the race, since the first alignment came in 1904, two years before it
   • The race made Britain join the Entente, since the dreadnought was a British ship
   • They ran together, so each may have fed the other; the cards show no direction
   • Both were planned together by Britain, since the dates overlap in the 1900s
5. 4.

   Reading X says Germany's choice mattered most; reading Y says the alliances did. Jun asks which cards help X.

   • Card E's dates, which show alliances formed years before the war began
   • Card A's list of long-term causes, since Germany's aims are named in it
   • Card C, which reports Russia's setback of 1908 to 1909 in the Balkans
   • Card D, where Germany's leaders decide in August 1914 to risk war
6. 5.

   Readings X and Y are both invented. Luz asks which question would let a historian choose between them.

   • Which reading is shorter, since the shorter reading is simpler and so better supported
   • Could the two states have settled alone, and did Germany's leaders push?
   • Which army was larger, since the larger army shaped the decision
   • Which assassin acted alone, since the trigger shows the main cause of the war
7. 6.

   A student says: "The war started because of one assassination." Using cards A and E, Milo asks how the claim fares.

   • It goes too far: card A lists long-term causes and card E earlier alliances
   • It holds, since the assassination was the first event in the chain on card E
   • It holds, since war came 37 days after the assassination and followed from it
   • It fails, since the assassination was a long-term cause of the war
8. 7.

   A student says: "Germany caused the war, since its leaders said war should be risked." Using card D, Noah asks how the claim fares.

   • It fails, since card D shows Russia stood by Serbia and so acted first
   • It holds, since leaders who say war should be risked have chosen it
   • It holds, since the Treaty of Versailles later held Germany responsible
   • It goes beyond card D, which reports a view in August 1914, not a first act
9. 8.

   Card E: war in 1914, the Entente in 1904 and 1907, and the Franco-Russian alliance in 1894. Ren asks what the span of dates shows.

   • Alliances took 20 years to build, so the blocs were not made in a day
   • The blocs formed in 7 years, from 1907 to 1914, once Britain had joined
   • The span shows the war could not be avoided after 1907, when the blocs were set
   • The blocs were built for war, since they formed over 20 years and ended in war
10. 9.

    Card D quotes Germany's leaders: "now or never." The war guilt clause came in 1919. Tala asks what the two together can show.

    • That Germany's leaders expected the treaty's terms, since they spoke in 1914
    • A reason seen in 1914 and a judgment made in 1919; neither is a full account
    • That Germany was solely responsible, since both sources point at Germany
    • That Russia and Britain agreed with Germany's reading, since they won
11. 10.

    Card E dates the ultimatum July 23 and Britain's declaration August 4. Zee asks what the 12 days between them show.

    • Britain delayed until August 4 because it expected the war to stay small
    • About a week passed, since July 28 to August 4 is seven days, so the crisis was brief
    • The speed shows the war was planned in advance, since the steps came days apart
    • Declarations followed within 12 days, which shows speed but not who chose it