Why European countries divided Africa, and how Africans responded

Grade 10 Social Studies Worksheet

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Use this

   Cards A to D. Card A, a summary in our words, written today, from a Yale University working paper on the Congo: The Congo Free State was the personal colony of King Leopold II of Belgium. Its borders were outlined at the Berlin Conference in 1885. Britain, France and Germany accepted it to avoid conflict with each other. Leopold claimed philanthropic goals, including ending the slave trade. Card B, a summary in our words, written today, from the same paper: Rubber concessions were given to private companies, and quotas were enforced by violence. The historians Adam Hochschild and Jan Vansina estimate that about 10 million people, about half the population, lost their lives between 1880 and 1920. Card C, a summary in our words, written today, from the same paper: Records were destroyed at Leopold's request. A human rights movement of the period campaigned against the abuses, and it is counted among the world's first. Belgium took over the territory as a colony in 1908. The country is today the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Card D, a note from the sheet: The Free State lasted from 1885 to 1908. Sources differ on the toll; the figure in card B is an estimate.

2. 1.

   Card B's estimate of about 10 million deaths covers 1880 to 1920; card D says the Free State lasted 1885 to 1908. Ari says Leopold's rule caused 10 million deaths. What is supported?

   • The claim is right, since the estimate comes from historians who studied the Free State
   • The estimate covers a longer span than his rule, so it cannot be assigned to him alone
   • The estimate cannot be used, since historians' estimates for such periods are unreliable
   • About a tenth of the population lost their lives, since 10 million is the figure given in card B
3. 2.

   Card A: Leopold claimed philanthropic goals. Card B: quotas were enforced by violence. Jun asks how to treat Leopold's claim.

   • As proof that Britain, France and Germany shared his goals, since they accepted the colony
   • As worthless, since a ruler's claims carry no information about what he did
   • As a claim by Leopold, tested against the quotas and violence in card B, which it does not fit
   • As fact, since a king's claim made at a conference of the powers is reliable
4. 3.

   Card A says Britain, France and Germany accepted the Free State to avoid conflict with each other. Kira says they accepted because they believed Leopold's claim. What does card A support?

   • The stated reason is rivalry among the powers; the card does not say they believed him
   • They accepted because Leopold paid them, since cards of this kind mention payments
   • They believed him, since a power would not accept a colony for goals it doubted
   • They did not accept it, since the Free State was founded by Leopold and not by the powers
5. 4.

   Card C: Leopold's records were destroyed at his request. Luz says that proves the abuses were crimes Leopold wanted hidden. Is that careful?

   • No, since destroyed records mean nothing can be known about the Free State
   • No: the destruction limits the evidence and fits concealment, but the card gives no reason
   • Yes, since a ruler who orders records destroyed is showing that they held something to hide
   • Yes, since card B already shows the abuses and card C shows the cover-up that followed
6. 5.

   Card C says a human rights movement of the period campaigned against the abuses; card B gives a later estimate. What do the two cards show Milo?

   • That the movement counted 10 million deaths, since card B's estimate came from its campaign
   • That the campaign ended the abuses in 1908, since Belgium took over that year
   • People protested at the time, and later historians estimated the toll
   • That no one knew of the abuses at the time, since the estimate came much later
7. 6.

   Card B says rubber concessions went to private companies; card A says the Free State was Leopold's personal colony. Noah says the companies ran the colony. What fits?

   • Leopold ran nothing, since concessions meant the companies owned the land
   • The companies and Leopold were the same, since both are named in the card
   • Companies held concessions, but the colony was Leopold's, so the two roles differed
   • The companies ran the colony, since concessions give a company the right to rule
8. 7.

   Card C: Belgium took over the territory as a colony in 1908. Card B's estimate runs to 1920. Pia says 1908 ended the toll. What do the cards allow?

   • The takeover ended the toll, since the abuses were Leopold's and ended with his rule
   • The takeover made little difference, since the toll in card B is a single figure for the whole period
   • Leopold's personal rule ended in 1908, but the estimate runs to 1920, so deaths need not have stopped then
   • The estimate ended in 1908, since card C ends there and the Free State ended there
9. 8.

   Ren reads card A: Britain, France and Germany accepted Leopold's colony to avoid conflict with each other. Which reading of their motives fits?

   • They agreed to share the profits, since the rubber concessions in card B went to private companies
   • They admired Leopold's aims, since the three accepted a colony claimed on philanthropic grounds
   • They were weak, since three powers would not accept a king's colony unless they feared him
   • Fear of conflict among themselves shaped their choice, not a judgment about Leopold's aims
10. 9.

    Tala says Belgium held the Congo from 1885. Which cards correct that?

    • No card, since Leopold was king of Belgium and so Belgium held it from the start
    • Card A calls it Leopold's colony and card C says Belgium took it over in 1908
    • Card D, since it says the Free State began in 1908 and ended with the First World War
    • Card B, since it names Belgian companies receiving rubber concessions
11. 10.

    Card D: the Free State lasted from 1885 to 1908. Zee says the Congo was a colony for 23 years. What is accurate?

    • Colonial rule lasted 33 years, since the Free State began in 1885 and the estimate runs to 1920
    • Colonial rule lasted 23 years, since 1908 minus 1885 is 23 and Belgium ended it in 1908
    • The Free State was not a colony, since it was Leopold's personal property
    • The Free State lasted 23 years, but Belgian rule after 1908 made colonial rule longer