Why the Industrial Revolution began in Britain, and the machines that drove it

Grade 10 Social Studies Worksheet - Building Confidence

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Use this

   Cards A to C. Card A, a chart in our words, written today (from the Science and Industry Museum): Spinning cotton in Manchester, before and after the machines. Where it was spun: before, by hand in people's homes; after, in mills with rows of machines. What powered the work: before, human hands; after, water, and from 1782 steam. Who could run the machine: before, skilled hand spinners; after, unskilled workers who fed in cotton and changed bobbins. Mills in Manchester: more than 50 by 1802. People in Manchester: 188,000 by 1831, double what it was 20 years earlier. Card B, a note in our words, written today (from the Science and Industry Museum): Richard Arkwright's water frame spun cotton yarn more quickly and in greater quantities than ever before. Sources differ on its date: a breakthrough in 1767, development with John Kay in 1768, and a patent granted in 1769. Card C, a chart in our words, written today (from National Geographic): Why the Industrial Revolution began in Britain. Coal: Britain had switched to coal as its main fuel by the end of the 1600s, and steam engines first pumped water from coal mines. Iron: a wood shortage led to coke, made from coal, for smelting iron, which gave more wrought iron for machinery. Farming: new tools such as Jethro Tull's seed drill, around 1701, brought bigger harvests that fed a fast-growing population. Cotton cloth: demand for cotton was rising after East India Company ships brought Indian cottons, and machines could spin faster than people working by hand. Historians weigh these causes differently.

2. 1.

   Card A is a chart made today. Which question can it help answer, Ari asks?

   • How spinning cotton changed from hand work in homes to work in mills with machines
   • How the workers felt about leaving their homes for the mills, since the chart shows that move
   • How much cotton one mill spun in a day
   • Why Arkwright, and not another inventor, built the first mills, since the chart describes the new machines
3. 2.

   Card C lists four causes. What can it help answer, Esme asks?

   • Why Britain had coal by the 1600s
   • Which of the four causes mattered most, since the chart lists coal first and puts it at the top
   • What Britain had that helped industry begin, such as coal, iron, farming and cotton demand
   • Whether industry could have started without farming, since the chart lists farming as a cause
4. 3.

   Card A says mill machines could be run by unskilled workers. A student concludes: "Mill work was easy." What does Card A support, Jun asks?

   • Mill work was hard, since 188,000 people were crowded into Manchester by 1831 and crowds mean heavy work
   • Mill work was easy, since a job that needs no skill is a light job that anyone can do
   • Skilled hand spinners earned more in mills, since mills paid well for the machines they ran
   • Less skill was needed, but the card does not say whether the work was easy or hard

5. Use this

   Cards D to F. Card D, a summary in our words, written today (from the Science and Industry Museum): Enslaved people forced to grow cotton on plantations in the southern United States met Manchester's demand for raw cotton. The museum says the cotton gin of 1793 resulted in about a million more enslaved people being forced to grow cotton in the United States. East India Company ships had brought Indian cottons, and in West Africa British traders exchanged cloth for captured people. Card E, a summary in our words, written today (from the Science and Industry Museum and UK Parliament): Mill work meant very early mornings, long hours and repetitive tasks. In 1833 new laws banned mill work for children under nine. Card F, a summary in our words, written today (from the Science and Industry Museum and National Geographic): Locomotives ran in Britain after 1825. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened in 1830, and its first goods wagon held 136 bales of cotton.

6. 4.

   A student writes: "Manchester's cotton industry depended just on British farms and workers." What does Card D say, Luz asks?

   • Yes: the mills stood in Manchester, so the cotton they spun was grown on British farms nearby
   • No: British traders in West Africa exchanged raw cotton for captured people before it reached Manchester
   • No: the raw cotton came from India on East India Company ships
   • No: raw cotton came from plantations in the southern United States worked by enslaved people
7. 5.

   Cards F and D together: how do the railway and the cotton supply fit, Milo asks?

   • The railway ended the need for plantation cotton, since trains moved raw cotton so much faster
   • The railway caused Manchester's cotton industry, since its first goods wagon carried cotton bales
   • The railway grew out of the cotton gin
   • The railway of 1830 carried cotton for an industry that already had large supply and demand
8. 6.

   Cards D and E describe two groups linked to cotton. What do they show, Noah asks?

   • Mill workers had an easy life next to the growers, since a law in 1833 protected the youngest of them
   • Mill workers were enslaved like the growers, since both groups had very long and hard working days
   • One group, since people who grew the cotton and people who spun it did the same job and had the same freedoms
   • Two groups in different conditions: forced growers of cotton, and mill workers with long hours

9. Use this

   Cards A to C. Card A, a chart in our words, written today (from the Science and Industry Museum): Spinning cotton in Manchester, before and after the machines. Where it was spun: before, by hand in people's homes; after, in mills with rows of machines. What powered the work: before, human hands; after, water, and from 1782 steam. Who could run the machine: before, skilled hand spinners; after, unskilled workers who fed in cotton and changed bobbins. Mills in Manchester: more than 50 by 1802. People in Manchester: 188,000 by 1831, double what it was 20 years earlier. Card B, a note in our words, written today (from the Science and Industry Museum): Richard Arkwright's water frame spun cotton yarn more quickly and in greater quantities than ever before. Sources differ on its date: a breakthrough in 1767, development with John Kay in 1768, and a patent granted in 1769. Card C, a chart in our words, written today (from National Geographic): Why the Industrial Revolution began in Britain. Coal: Britain had switched to coal as its main fuel by the end of the 1600s, and steam engines first pumped water from coal mines. Iron: a wood shortage led to coke, made from coal, for smelting iron, which gave more wrought iron for machinery. Farming: new tools such as Jethro Tull's seed drill, around 1701, brought bigger harvests that fed a fast-growing population. Cotton cloth: demand for cotton was rising after East India Company ships brought Indian cottons, and machines could spin faster than people working by hand. Historians weigh these causes differently.

10. 7.

    Card C says cotton demand was rising. Card B dates the water frame. A student says the machine created the demand. What do the cards show, Pia asks?

    • Demand and the machine are unrelated, since they appear on separate cards with separate dates
    • Card C names rising demand as a cause of machines; Card B only gives the machine's dates
    • Indian cottons caused the water frame, since Card C names them as a cause of machines
    • The machine created the demand, since machines came in 1767 to 1769 and cotton mills followed
11. 8.

    Card A says 188,000 people in 1831, double what it was 20 years earlier. Which statement is fair, Ren asks?

    • About 188,000 in 1811, since the card gives one population and does not give another
    • About 376,000 in 1811, since double means multiply 188,000 by two to go back in time
    • About 168,000 in 1811, since 20 years earlier means 20,000 fewer
    • About 94,000 in 1811, so Manchester grew by about 94,000 in 20 years

12. Use this

    Cards D to F. Card D, a summary in our words, written today (from the Science and Industry Museum): Enslaved people forced to grow cotton on plantations in the southern United States met Manchester's demand for raw cotton. The museum says the cotton gin of 1793 resulted in about a million more enslaved people being forced to grow cotton in the United States. East India Company ships had brought Indian cottons, and in West Africa British traders exchanged cloth for captured people. Card E, a summary in our words, written today (from the Science and Industry Museum and UK Parliament): Mill work meant very early mornings, long hours and repetitive tasks. In 1833 new laws banned mill work for children under nine. Card F, a summary in our words, written today (from the Science and Industry Museum and National Geographic): Locomotives ran in Britain after 1825. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened in 1830, and its first goods wagon held 136 bales of cotton.

13. 9.

    Card F says the first goods wagon held 136 bales. A student says this shows how much cotton Manchester used. What is wrong, Tala asks?

    • It is too low, since a railway between two big cities must have carried thousands of bales
    • Nothing is wrong, since 136 bales is the number of bales the mills used in a year
    • It is a yearly total, since the railway opened in 1830 and then ran through the whole year
    • One wagon's load is not a total for the city's mills; the card gives no yearly figure

14. Use this

    Cards A to C. Card A, a chart in our words, written today (from the Science and Industry Museum): Spinning cotton in Manchester, before and after the machines. Where it was spun: before, by hand in people's homes; after, in mills with rows of machines. What powered the work: before, human hands; after, water, and from 1782 steam. Who could run the machine: before, skilled hand spinners; after, unskilled workers who fed in cotton and changed bobbins. Mills in Manchester: more than 50 by 1802. People in Manchester: 188,000 by 1831, double what it was 20 years earlier. Card B, a note in our words, written today (from the Science and Industry Museum): Richard Arkwright's water frame spun cotton yarn more quickly and in greater quantities than ever before. Sources differ on its date: a breakthrough in 1767, development with John Kay in 1768, and a patent granted in 1769. Card C, a chart in our words, written today (from National Geographic): Why the Industrial Revolution began in Britain. Coal: Britain had switched to coal as its main fuel by the end of the 1600s, and steam engines first pumped water from coal mines. Iron: a wood shortage led to coke, made from coal, for smelting iron, which gave more wrought iron for machinery. Farming: new tools such as Jethro Tull's seed drill, around 1701, brought bigger harvests that fed a fast-growing population. Cotton cloth: demand for cotton was rising after East India Company ships brought Indian cottons, and machines could spin faster than people working by hand. Historians weigh these causes differently.

15. 10.

    Card A says more than 50 mills by 1802. Which statement is fair, Zee asks?

    • There were fewer than 50 mills by 1802
    • Each of the mills used steam by 1802, since the first steam mill opened in 1782 and steam spread
    • There were exactly 50 mills by 1802, since 50 is the number printed on the card for that year
    • There were over 50 mills by 1802, but the card does not say how many used steam