Nationalism, and how Italy and Germany became countries

Grade 10 Social Studies Worksheet - Challenge Me

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Use this

   Two maps “Italy, 1861 and 1871, beside the German Empire”. Map 1, the Kingdom of Italy (1861): capital at Turin; Venetia and the Papal States, with Rome, are outside the kingdom. Map 2, the Kingdom of Italy (1871): capital at Rome; Venetia and the former Papal States, including Rome, are now inside the kingdom. Beside them, the German Empire (1871): Prussia and the states that joined it; Austria is outside. Key: dark gray: the kingdom or empire the map is about; light gray: lands outside it; a star: its capital; dashed lines: borders of the older states. Card A (today): “Italy: from the plebiscites of 1860 to Rome”. Who made it: historians at the Museum of the Risorgimento and the US Office of the Historian. For whom: visitors and readers today. Why: to follow Italy's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: In March 1860, after plebiscites, Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna joined the Kingdom of Sardinia. Later in 1860 Garibaldi overthrew the Bourbon monarchs of the Two Sicilies and ruled on behalf of Victor Emmanuel II, who became King of Italy in 1861. The Papal States were incorporated in 1870, after the war between France and Prussia began, and the capital moved to Rome in 1871. Context (what else was happening): Austria and France both held interests on the peninsula. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It does not give vote counts or say who could vote. Card B (today): “Germany: from the Confederation to the Empire”. Who made it: historians at the German Historical Institute, Washington. For whom: students and teachers. Why: to follow Germany's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: A National Assembly elected in Frankfurt in 1848 lacked the power to impose its decisions. After the war of 1866, Prussia annexed Hanover and other states, and in 1867 the states north of the Main joined the North German Confederation. The southern states' rulers agreed to join in 1870 after war with France began, and the empire was proclaimed on January 18, 1871. Context (what else was happening): Prussia's king appointed Bismarck in 1862. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It records rulers' decisions and wars more than popular opinion. Reading X (invented for this sheet): “Both countries were made from below. Nationalists in Italy and Germany built movements, and rulers followed because their peoples demanded one state.” Reading Y (invented for this sheet): “Both countries were made from above. The states of Piedmont-Sardinia and Prussia used diplomacy and war, and nationalism supplied the reason that people were asked to accept.”

2. 1.

   Readings X and Y disagree about both countries. Which facts support X for Italy but are harder to find for Germany, Ari?

   • Italy's recognition by the United States and Germany's proclamation at Versailles, since both were public events
   • Italy's capital moving to Rome and Germany's wars, since both show nationalism winning in the end
   • Italy's plebiscites of 1860 and Garibaldi's volunteers; Germany's cards show rulers agreeing and states annexing
   • Italy's plebiscites and Germany's Frankfurt Assembly of 1848, since both were elected bodies that formed states

3. Use this

   Two maps “Italy, 1861 and 1871, beside the German Empire”. Map 1, the Kingdom of Italy (1861): capital at Turin; Venetia and the Papal States, with Rome, are outside the kingdom. Map 2, the Kingdom of Italy (1871): capital at Rome; Venetia and the former Papal States, including Rome, are now inside the kingdom. Beside them, the German Empire (1871): Prussia and the states that joined it; Austria is outside. Key: dark gray: the kingdom or empire the map is about; light gray: lands outside it; a star: its capital; dashed lines: borders of the older states. Card B (today): “Germany: from the Confederation to the Empire”. Who made it: historians at the German Historical Institute, Washington. For whom: students and teachers. Why: to follow Germany's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: A National Assembly elected in Frankfurt in 1848 lacked the power to impose its decisions. After the war of 1866, Prussia annexed Hanover and other states, and in 1867 the states north of the Main joined the North German Confederation. The southern states' rulers agreed to join in 1870 after war with France began, and the empire was proclaimed on January 18, 1871. Context (what else was happening): Prussia's king appointed Bismarck in 1862. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It records rulers' decisions and wars more than popular opinion. Reading X (invented for this sheet): “Both countries were made from below. Nationalists in Italy and Germany built movements, and rulers followed because their peoples demanded one state.” Reading Y (invented for this sheet): “Both countries were made from above. The states of Piedmont-Sardinia and Prussia used diplomacy and war, and nationalism supplied the reason that people were asked to accept.”

4. 2.

   Both readings must explain why the Frankfurt Assembly of 1848 lacked power. How would X and Y each explain it, Esme?

   • X: the movement needed rulers to follow it; Y: only states with armies could build a country
   • Neither: the assembly's failure is irrelevant to X and Y, since both start with the wars of 1866
   • Both: the assembly lacked power because Austria blocked it, so neither reading needs anything more
   • X: states with armies built the country; Y: the movement needed rulers to follow it

5. Use this

   Two maps “Italy, 1861 and 1871, beside the German Empire”. Map 1, the Kingdom of Italy (1861): capital at Turin; Venetia and the Papal States, with Rome, are outside the kingdom. Map 2, the Kingdom of Italy (1871): capital at Rome; Venetia and the former Papal States, including Rome, are now inside the kingdom. Beside them, the German Empire (1871): Prussia and the states that joined it; Austria is outside. Key: dark gray: the kingdom or empire the map is about; light gray: lands outside it; a star: its capital; dashed lines: borders of the older states. Card A (today): “Italy: from the plebiscites of 1860 to Rome”. Who made it: historians at the Museum of the Risorgimento and the US Office of the Historian. For whom: visitors and readers today. Why: to follow Italy's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: In March 1860, after plebiscites, Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna joined the Kingdom of Sardinia. Later in 1860 Garibaldi overthrew the Bourbon monarchs of the Two Sicilies and ruled on behalf of Victor Emmanuel II, who became King of Italy in 1861. The Papal States were incorporated in 1870, after the war between France and Prussia began, and the capital moved to Rome in 1871. Context (what else was happening): Austria and France both held interests on the peninsula. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It does not give vote counts or say who could vote. Card B (today): “Germany: from the Confederation to the Empire”. Who made it: historians at the German Historical Institute, Washington. For whom: students and teachers. Why: to follow Germany's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: A National Assembly elected in Frankfurt in 1848 lacked the power to impose its decisions. After the war of 1866, Prussia annexed Hanover and other states, and in 1867 the states north of the Main joined the North German Confederation. The southern states' rulers agreed to join in 1870 after war with France began, and the empire was proclaimed on January 18, 1871. Context (what else was happening): Prussia's king appointed Bismarck in 1862. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It records rulers' decisions and wars more than popular opinion. Reading X (invented for this sheet): “Both countries were made from below. Nationalists in Italy and Germany built movements, and rulers followed because their peoples demanded one state.” Reading Y (invented for this sheet): “Both countries were made from above. The states of Piedmont-Sardinia and Prussia used diplomacy and war, and nationalism supplied the reason that people were asked to accept.”

6. 3.

   Jun wants evidence that separates X from Y. Which would help most?

   • Evidence that wars took place in 1866 and 1870, since both readings can be tested by wars alone
   • Records of how many people voted in the 1860 plebiscites and who was allowed to vote
   • Evidence that nationalist writers existed in both countries, since just reading X depends on writers
   • Records of the dates of each proclamation, since both readings need the dates before they can be compared

7. Use this

   Two maps “Italy, 1861 and 1871, beside the German Empire”. Map 1, the Kingdom of Italy (1861): capital at Turin; Venetia and the Papal States, with Rome, are outside the kingdom. Map 2, the Kingdom of Italy (1871): capital at Rome; Venetia and the former Papal States, including Rome, are now inside the kingdom. Beside them, the German Empire (1871): Prussia and the states that joined it; Austria is outside. Key: dark gray: the kingdom or empire the map is about; light gray: lands outside it; a star: its capital; dashed lines: borders of the older states. Card A (today): “Italy: from the plebiscites of 1860 to Rome”. Who made it: historians at the Museum of the Risorgimento and the US Office of the Historian. For whom: visitors and readers today. Why: to follow Italy's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: In March 1860, after plebiscites, Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna joined the Kingdom of Sardinia. Later in 1860 Garibaldi overthrew the Bourbon monarchs of the Two Sicilies and ruled on behalf of Victor Emmanuel II, who became King of Italy in 1861. The Papal States were incorporated in 1870, after the war between France and Prussia began, and the capital moved to Rome in 1871. Context (what else was happening): Austria and France both held interests on the peninsula. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It does not give vote counts or say who could vote. Reading X (invented for this sheet): “Both countries were made from below. Nationalists in Italy and Germany built movements, and rulers followed because their peoples demanded one state.” Reading Y (invented for this sheet): “Both countries were made from above. The states of Piedmont-Sardinia and Prussia used diplomacy and war, and nationalism supplied the reason that people were asked to accept.”

8. 4.

   Garibaldi led volunteers but ruled in the king's name. Which reading does card A favor, Kira?

   • Neither, since a card from a diplomatic source cannot show who led a campaign in any case
   • Neither alone: the campaign fits X, but ruling in the king's name fits Y
   • Y alone, since ruling in the king's name shows the state controlled the whole campaign
   • X alone, since a volunteer campaign shows the movement acting without the help of the state

9. Use this

   Two maps “Italy, 1861 and 1871, beside the German Empire”. Map 1, the Kingdom of Italy (1861): capital at Turin; Venetia and the Papal States, with Rome, are outside the kingdom. Map 2, the Kingdom of Italy (1871): capital at Rome; Venetia and the former Papal States, including Rome, are now inside the kingdom. Beside them, the German Empire (1871): Prussia and the states that joined it; Austria is outside. Key: dark gray: the kingdom or empire the map is about; light gray: lands outside it; a star: its capital; dashed lines: borders of the older states. Card A (today): “Italy: from the plebiscites of 1860 to Rome”. Who made it: historians at the Museum of the Risorgimento and the US Office of the Historian. For whom: visitors and readers today. Why: to follow Italy's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: In March 1860, after plebiscites, Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna joined the Kingdom of Sardinia. Later in 1860 Garibaldi overthrew the Bourbon monarchs of the Two Sicilies and ruled on behalf of Victor Emmanuel II, who became King of Italy in 1861. The Papal States were incorporated in 1870, after the war between France and Prussia began, and the capital moved to Rome in 1871. Context (what else was happening): Austria and France both held interests on the peninsula. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It does not give vote counts or say who could vote. Card B (today): “Germany: from the Confederation to the Empire”. Who made it: historians at the German Historical Institute, Washington. For whom: students and teachers. Why: to follow Germany's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: A National Assembly elected in Frankfurt in 1848 lacked the power to impose its decisions. After the war of 1866, Prussia annexed Hanover and other states, and in 1867 the states north of the Main joined the North German Confederation. The southern states' rulers agreed to join in 1870 after war with France began, and the empire was proclaimed on January 18, 1871. Context (what else was happening): Prussia's king appointed Bismarck in 1862. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It records rulers' decisions and wars more than popular opinion. Reading X (invented for this sheet): “Both countries were made from below. Nationalists in Italy and Germany built movements, and rulers followed because their peoples demanded one state.” Reading Y (invented for this sheet): “Both countries were made from above. The states of Piedmont-Sardinia and Prussia used diplomacy and war, and nationalism supplied the reason that people were asked to accept.”

10. 5.

    A historian says “Success shows nationalism was the cause: both countries were made.” What is the best reply, Luz?

    • The claim is wrong, since nationalism could not form a country without armies, as card B shows
    • The claim is right, since two countries formed and nationalism is the one idea named in both stories
    • The claim is right, since leaders in 1859 and 1862 already knew that nationalism would win
    • Success shows the outcome, not the cause; the cards also show armies and rulers' agreements

11. Use this

    Two maps “Italy, 1861 and 1871, beside the German Empire”. Map 1, the Kingdom of Italy (1861): capital at Turin; Venetia and the Papal States, with Rome, are outside the kingdom. Map 2, the Kingdom of Italy (1871): capital at Rome; Venetia and the former Papal States, including Rome, are now inside the kingdom. Beside them, the German Empire (1871): Prussia and the states that joined it; Austria is outside. Key: dark gray: the kingdom or empire the map is about; light gray: lands outside it; a star: its capital; dashed lines: borders of the older states. Card A (today): “Italy: from the plebiscites of 1860 to Rome”. Who made it: historians at the Museum of the Risorgimento and the US Office of the Historian. For whom: visitors and readers today. Why: to follow Italy's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: In March 1860, after plebiscites, Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna joined the Kingdom of Sardinia. Later in 1860 Garibaldi overthrew the Bourbon monarchs of the Two Sicilies and ruled on behalf of Victor Emmanuel II, who became King of Italy in 1861. The Papal States were incorporated in 1870, after the war between France and Prussia began, and the capital moved to Rome in 1871. Context (what else was happening): Austria and France both held interests on the peninsula. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It does not give vote counts or say who could vote.

12. 6.

    A student says “Italy was unified in 1861.” Milo checks card A and the maps. What is the best judgment?

    • Yes: the proclamation of March 17 completed the union, since the kingdom had a king and capital by then
    • No: nothing was proclaimed until 1871, since the capital moved to Rome in that year
    • Yes: the United States recognized the kingdom in April 1861, so the union was complete by then
    • Partly: proclaimed in 1861, but the Papal States and Rome joined later, in 1870 and 1871

13. Use this

    Two maps “Italy, 1861 and 1871, beside the German Empire”. Map 1, the Kingdom of Italy (1861): capital at Turin; Venetia and the Papal States, with Rome, are outside the kingdom. Map 2, the Kingdom of Italy (1871): capital at Rome; Venetia and the former Papal States, including Rome, are now inside the kingdom. Beside them, the German Empire (1871): Prussia and the states that joined it; Austria is outside. Key: dark gray: the kingdom or empire the map is about; light gray: lands outside it; a star: its capital; dashed lines: borders of the older states. Card B (today): “Germany: from the Confederation to the Empire”. Who made it: historians at the German Historical Institute, Washington. For whom: students and teachers. Why: to follow Germany's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: A National Assembly elected in Frankfurt in 1848 lacked the power to impose its decisions. After the war of 1866, Prussia annexed Hanover and other states, and in 1867 the states north of the Main joined the North German Confederation. The southern states' rulers agreed to join in 1870 after war with France began, and the empire was proclaimed on January 18, 1871. Context (what else was happening): Prussia's king appointed Bismarck in 1862. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It records rulers' decisions and wars more than popular opinion.

14. 7.

    A student says “Prussia forced Bavaria, Württemberg and Baden to join the empire.” Noah tests this against card B. What is the best reply?

    • Card B says their rulers agreed after war with France began, not that they were forced
    • True: Prussia annexed Hanover in 1866, so it must have annexed the southern states too
    • True: card B says they resisted Prussia until the war, so they must have been made to join
    • False: card B says their peoples joined by plebiscite, as in Italy, so there was no force

15. Use this

    Two maps “Italy, 1861 and 1871, beside the German Empire”. Map 1, the Kingdom of Italy (1861): capital at Turin; Venetia and the Papal States, with Rome, are outside the kingdom. Map 2, the Kingdom of Italy (1871): capital at Rome; Venetia and the former Papal States, including Rome, are now inside the kingdom. Beside them, the German Empire (1871): Prussia and the states that joined it; Austria is outside. Key: dark gray: the kingdom or empire the map is about; light gray: lands outside it; a star: its capital; dashed lines: borders of the older states. Card A (today): “Italy: from the plebiscites of 1860 to Rome”. Who made it: historians at the Museum of the Risorgimento and the US Office of the Historian. For whom: visitors and readers today. Why: to follow Italy's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: In March 1860, after plebiscites, Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna joined the Kingdom of Sardinia. Later in 1860 Garibaldi overthrew the Bourbon monarchs of the Two Sicilies and ruled on behalf of Victor Emmanuel II, who became King of Italy in 1861. The Papal States were incorporated in 1870, after the war between France and Prussia began, and the capital moved to Rome in 1871. Context (what else was happening): Austria and France both held interests on the peninsula. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It does not give vote counts or say who could vote. Card B (today): “Germany: from the Confederation to the Empire”. Who made it: historians at the German Historical Institute, Washington. For whom: students and teachers. Why: to follow Germany's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: A National Assembly elected in Frankfurt in 1848 lacked the power to impose its decisions. After the war of 1866, Prussia annexed Hanover and other states, and in 1867 the states north of the Main joined the North German Confederation. The southern states' rulers agreed to join in 1870 after war with France began, and the empire was proclaimed on January 18, 1871. Context (what else was happening): Prussia's king appointed Bismarck in 1862. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It records rulers' decisions and wars more than popular opinion. Card C (written for this sheet): ways the two countries were joined. Votes: Italy, 1860 (Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna). A campaign: Italy, 1860 (Garibaldi in the south). Rulers' agreements: Germany, 1870 to 1871 (the southern states). Wars: Germany, 1866 and 1870; Italy's incorporation of the Papal States in 1870 followed a war between France and Prussia.

16. 8.

    A student says “One cause explains both unifications.” Pia tests this against the cards. Which reply is best?

    • Nothing explains both, since the two countries had little in common in how they were joined
    • No single cause fits: votes and a campaign in Italy, rulers' agreements and wars in Germany
    • Nationalism explains both, since each country's story begins with writers who wanted one state
    • War explains both, since each country fought at least one war between states in its story
17. 9.

    Italy used plebiscites; Germany used rulers' agreements. Tala asks what that suggests about each union's claim to speak for the people.

    • Italy's plebiscites could claim consent; Germany's agreements rested on rulers
    • Germany's claim was stronger, since its empire lasted until 1918 while Italy's changed capitals
    • Italy's union was fully democratic, since plebiscites were held, and Germany's had no support
    • Neither union had any claim, since votes and agreements are both decisions that leaders arranged

18. Use this

    Two maps “Italy, 1861 and 1871, beside the German Empire”. Map 1, the Kingdom of Italy (1861): capital at Turin; Venetia and the Papal States, with Rome, are outside the kingdom. Map 2, the Kingdom of Italy (1871): capital at Rome; Venetia and the former Papal States, including Rome, are now inside the kingdom. Beside them, the German Empire (1871): Prussia and the states that joined it; Austria is outside. Key: dark gray: the kingdom or empire the map is about; light gray: lands outside it; a star: its capital; dashed lines: borders of the older states. Card A (today): “Italy: from the plebiscites of 1860 to Rome”. Who made it: historians at the Museum of the Risorgimento and the US Office of the Historian. For whom: visitors and readers today. Why: to follow Italy's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: In March 1860, after plebiscites, Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna joined the Kingdom of Sardinia. Later in 1860 Garibaldi overthrew the Bourbon monarchs of the Two Sicilies and ruled on behalf of Victor Emmanuel II, who became King of Italy in 1861. The Papal States were incorporated in 1870, after the war between France and Prussia began, and the capital moved to Rome in 1871. Context (what else was happening): Austria and France both held interests on the peninsula. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It does not give vote counts or say who could vote. Card B (today): “Germany: from the Confederation to the Empire”. Who made it: historians at the German Historical Institute, Washington. For whom: students and teachers. Why: to follow Germany's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: A National Assembly elected in Frankfurt in 1848 lacked the power to impose its decisions. After the war of 1866, Prussia annexed Hanover and other states, and in 1867 the states north of the Main joined the North German Confederation. The southern states' rulers agreed to join in 1870 after war with France began, and the empire was proclaimed on January 18, 1871. Context (what else was happening): Prussia's king appointed Bismarck in 1862. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It records rulers' decisions and wars more than popular opinion.

19. 10.

    Italy's capital moved to Rome in 1871, and Germany's empire was proclaimed in 1871. When was each union complete, Zee?

    • Italy's union began in 1871 and Germany's began in 1861, since the capital moved in Italy's case
    • Both were complete in 1871, since each has a major date that year and so reached its final borders
    • Italy's map kept changing for ten years after 1861; Germany's southern states joined in 1871
    • Germany's union caused Italy's, since both are dated 1871 and Germany's proclamation came early in the year