Nationalism, and how Italy and Germany became countries

Grade 10 Social Studies Worksheet - Building Confidence

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Use this

   Two maps “Italy, 1859 and 1861”. Map 1 (1859): the peninsula is divided into kingdoms, city-states and duchies: the Kingdom of Sardinia, also called Piedmont-Sardinia, with its capital at Turin; the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with Naples and Sicily; the Papal States around Rome; Venetia in the northeast; Lombardy, under Austrian rule until the war of 1859; and small duchies such as Parma. Map 2 (1861): the Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed on March 17, 1861, with Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia, as king and Turin as its capital. It includes Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, Naples and Sicily. Venetia and Rome are outside it. Key: dark gray: the kingdom or empire the map is about; light gray: lands outside it; a star: its capital; dashed lines: borders of the older states. Nationalism is the belief that a people who share a language and history should have one state of their own. Card B (today): “Two Sicilies”. Who made it: historians at the US Department of State, Office of the Historian. For whom: readers of US diplomatic history. Why: to describe the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Summary in our words, not a quotation: In 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi overthrew the Bourbon monarchs and proclaimed a dictatorship on behalf of Victor Emmanuel II. Sicily and Naples were part of the Kingdom of Italy when it was proclaimed in 1861. Context (what else was happening): Garibaldi led volunteers; the Kingdom of Sardinia was a separate state. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It is written for diplomatic history and does not say what the people of the south wanted. Card D (today): “Piedmont-Sardinia”. Who made it: historians at the US Department of State, Office of the Historian. For whom: readers of US diplomatic history. Why: to describe Piedmont-Sardinia. Summary in our words, not a quotation: When the Kingdom of Italy was founded in 1861, Victor Emmanuel II, King of Piedmont-Sardinia, became King of Italy. The capital was first Turin, then Florence in 1865 and Rome in 1871. Context (what else was happening): Italy's borders were still changing after 1861. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It is a short note on a state and its capital.

2. 1.

   Bo notes that the king of the 1861 kingdom, Victor Emmanuel II, was already King of Piedmont-Sardinia. What does that suggest?

   • Italy grew around an existing state: the Sardinian crown became the Italian crown
   • Italians chose a new government by vote, since the map shows a new name for the kingdom in 1861
   • The kingdom was planned from 1859 around Turin, since the capital there was already Sardinia's before the union
   • Sardinia's king conquered the peninsula alone, since the same man ruled before and after the union

3. Use this

   Two maps “Italy, 1859 and 1861”. Map 1 (1859): the peninsula is divided into kingdoms, city-states and duchies: the Kingdom of Sardinia, also called Piedmont-Sardinia, with its capital at Turin; the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with Naples and Sicily; the Papal States around Rome; Venetia in the northeast; Lombardy, under Austrian rule until the war of 1859; and small duchies such as Parma. Map 2 (1861): the Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed on March 17, 1861, with Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia, as king and Turin as its capital. It includes Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, Naples and Sicily. Venetia and Rome are outside it. Key: dark gray: the kingdom or empire the map is about; light gray: lands outside it; a star: its capital; dashed lines: borders of the older states. Nationalism is the belief that a people who share a language and history should have one state of their own. Card A (today): “The unification of Italy”. Who made it: historians at the National Museum of the Risorgimento in Turin. For whom: visitors to the museum. Why: to tell the story of Italy's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: Italian unification was proclaimed in Turin on March 17, 1861. In March 1860, after votes called plebiscites, Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany formally joined the Kingdom of Sardinia. Context (what else was happening): Austria had ruled Lombardy until 1859. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It tells the story from a museum in Turin, and gives no vote counts. Card B (today): “Two Sicilies”. Who made it: historians at the US Department of State, Office of the Historian. For whom: readers of US diplomatic history. Why: to describe the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Summary in our words, not a quotation: In 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi overthrew the Bourbon monarchs and proclaimed a dictatorship on behalf of Victor Emmanuel II. Sicily and Naples were part of the Kingdom of Italy when it was proclaimed in 1861. Context (what else was happening): Garibaldi led volunteers; the Kingdom of Sardinia was a separate state. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It is written for diplomatic history and does not say what the people of the south wanted.

4. 2.

   The maps show Naples and Sicily outside the kingdom in 1859 and inside in 1861. What can the maps show, Esme, and what can't they?

   • Nothing, since a map made later cannot be trusted about what had happened in earlier years
   • That the people of Naples and Sicily wanted to join, since the second map places them inside the kingdom
   • That the proclamation of the kingdom brought them in, since the second map is dated after the first one
   • That they were outside in 1859 and inside in 1861; not how they joined, which card B explains

5. Use this

   Two maps “Italy, 1859 and 1861”. Map 1 (1859): the peninsula is divided into kingdoms, city-states and duchies: the Kingdom of Sardinia, also called Piedmont-Sardinia, with its capital at Turin; the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with Naples and Sicily; the Papal States around Rome; Venetia in the northeast; Lombardy, under Austrian rule until the war of 1859; and small duchies such as Parma. Map 2 (1861): the Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed on March 17, 1861, with Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia, as king and Turin as its capital. It includes Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, Naples and Sicily. Venetia and Rome are outside it. Key: dark gray: the kingdom or empire the map is about; light gray: lands outside it; a star: its capital; dashed lines: borders of the older states. Nationalism is the belief that a people who share a language and history should have one state of their own. Card A (today): “The unification of Italy”. Who made it: historians at the National Museum of the Risorgimento in Turin. For whom: visitors to the museum. Why: to tell the story of Italy's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: Italian unification was proclaimed in Turin on March 17, 1861. In March 1860, after votes called plebiscites, Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany formally joined the Kingdom of Sardinia. Context (what else was happening): Austria had ruled Lombardy until 1859. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It tells the story from a museum in Turin, and gives no vote counts.

6. 3.

   Card A says Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna joined Sardinia after plebiscites in 1860. Jun asks who decided, and what the card leaves open.

   • The whole population decided freely, since a plebiscite means the vote was open to adults without pressure
   • The King of Sardinia decided alone, since he became king of the enlarged kingdom after the plebiscites
   • Garibaldi decided, since card B says he ruled on behalf of the king when Sardinia grew in 1860
   • Voters decided by plebiscite, but the card does not say who could vote or how the question was asked

7. Use this

   Two maps “Italy, 1859 and 1861”. Map 1 (1859): the peninsula is divided into kingdoms, city-states and duchies: the Kingdom of Sardinia, also called Piedmont-Sardinia, with its capital at Turin; the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with Naples and Sicily; the Papal States around Rome; Venetia in the northeast; Lombardy, under Austrian rule until the war of 1859; and small duchies such as Parma. Map 2 (1861): the Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed on March 17, 1861, with Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia, as king and Turin as its capital. It includes Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, Naples and Sicily. Venetia and Rome are outside it. Key: dark gray: the kingdom or empire the map is about; light gray: lands outside it; a star: its capital; dashed lines: borders of the older states. Nationalism is the belief that a people who share a language and history should have one state of their own. Card B (today): “Two Sicilies”. Who made it: historians at the US Department of State, Office of the Historian. For whom: readers of US diplomatic history. Why: to describe the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Summary in our words, not a quotation: In 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi overthrew the Bourbon monarchs and proclaimed a dictatorship on behalf of Victor Emmanuel II. Sicily and Naples were part of the Kingdom of Italy when it was proclaimed in 1861. Context (what else was happening): Garibaldi led volunteers; the Kingdom of Sardinia was a separate state. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It is written for diplomatic history and does not say what the people of the south wanted.

8. 4.

   Card B says Garibaldi overthrew the Bourbon monarchs and proclaimed a dictatorship on behalf of Victor Emmanuel II. Who held power then, Kira?

   • Garibaldi held it as dictator, acting on behalf of the king of Sardinia rather than for himself
   • The Bourbon kings still held it, since the Kingdom of Italy had not yet been proclaimed in 1860
   • The voters of the south held it, since the dictatorship was proclaimed on their behalf by Garibaldi
   • Victor Emmanuel II held it directly, since Garibaldi ruled in the king's name and so was merely his servant

9. Use this

   Two maps “Italy, 1859 and 1861”. Map 1 (1859): the peninsula is divided into kingdoms, city-states and duchies: the Kingdom of Sardinia, also called Piedmont-Sardinia, with its capital at Turin; the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with Naples and Sicily; the Papal States around Rome; Venetia in the northeast; Lombardy, under Austrian rule until the war of 1859; and small duchies such as Parma. Map 2 (1861): the Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed on March 17, 1861, with Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia, as king and Turin as its capital. It includes Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, Naples and Sicily. Venetia and Rome are outside it. Key: dark gray: the kingdom or empire the map is about; light gray: lands outside it; a star: its capital; dashed lines: borders of the older states. Nationalism is the belief that a people who share a language and history should have one state of their own. Card A (today): “The unification of Italy”. Who made it: historians at the National Museum of the Risorgimento in Turin. For whom: visitors to the museum. Why: to tell the story of Italy's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: Italian unification was proclaimed in Turin on March 17, 1861. In March 1860, after votes called plebiscites, Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany formally joined the Kingdom of Sardinia. Context (what else was happening): Austria had ruled Lombardy until 1859. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It tells the story from a museum in Turin, and gives no vote counts. Card B (today): “Two Sicilies”. Who made it: historians at the US Department of State, Office of the Historian. For whom: readers of US diplomatic history. Why: to describe the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Summary in our words, not a quotation: In 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi overthrew the Bourbon monarchs and proclaimed a dictatorship on behalf of Victor Emmanuel II. Sicily and Naples were part of the Kingdom of Italy when it was proclaimed in 1861. Context (what else was happening): Garibaldi led volunteers; the Kingdom of Sardinia was a separate state. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It is written for diplomatic history and does not say what the people of the south wanted. Card D (today): “Piedmont-Sardinia”. Who made it: historians at the US Department of State, Office of the Historian. For whom: readers of US diplomatic history. Why: to describe Piedmont-Sardinia. Summary in our words, not a quotation: When the Kingdom of Italy was founded in 1861, Victor Emmanuel II, King of Piedmont-Sardinia, became King of Italy. The capital was first Turin, then Florence in 1865 and Rome in 1871. Context (what else was happening): Italy's borders were still changing after 1861. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It is a short note on a state and its capital.

10. 5.

    Luz asks who chose Turin as the capital of the new kingdom. Which choice do the cards best support?

    • Garibaldi chose it, since he ruled the south in the king's name and sent the king to Turin
    • Voters chose it in the plebiscites of 1860, since plebiscites decided where the borders of the kingdom lay
    • The cards do not say; Turin was already Sardinia's capital, which fits a kingdom built around Sardinia
    • Rome was meant to be the capital from the start, so Turin was chosen just as a short stop

11. Use this

    Two maps “Italy, 1859 and 1861”. Map 1 (1859): the peninsula is divided into kingdoms, city-states and duchies: the Kingdom of Sardinia, also called Piedmont-Sardinia, with its capital at Turin; the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with Naples and Sicily; the Papal States around Rome; Venetia in the northeast; Lombardy, under Austrian rule until the war of 1859; and small duchies such as Parma. Map 2 (1861): the Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed on March 17, 1861, with Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia, as king and Turin as its capital. It includes Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, Naples and Sicily. Venetia and Rome are outside it. Key: dark gray: the kingdom or empire the map is about; light gray: lands outside it; a star: its capital; dashed lines: borders of the older states. Nationalism is the belief that a people who share a language and history should have one state of their own. Card A (today): “The unification of Italy”. Who made it: historians at the National Museum of the Risorgimento in Turin. For whom: visitors to the museum. Why: to tell the story of Italy's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: Italian unification was proclaimed in Turin on March 17, 1861. In March 1860, after votes called plebiscites, Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany formally joined the Kingdom of Sardinia. Context (what else was happening): Austria had ruled Lombardy until 1859. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It tells the story from a museum in Turin, and gives no vote counts.

12. 6.

    Milo wants the vote counts of the 1860 plebiscites. Does card A give them?

    • Yes: card A says both regions joined, so most voters must have agreed to join Sardinia
    • Yes: a museum in Turin would hold the full counts, so its card gives them as a record
    • No: a plebiscite leaves no counts, so the question cannot be answered from any record
    • No: it says plebiscites were held but gives no counts; a record of the votes would be needed
13. 7.

    Card A comes from a museum in Turin, the capital of the Sardinian kingdom. How might that shape its account, Noah?

    • It makes the card unreliable even on dates, since museums in a capital favor their own city's story
    • It does not matter, since a museum reports facts and a place has no effect on what is told
    • It may tell the story from Turin's and Piedmont's side, with less space for other regions' views
    • It shows that Piedmont alone created Italy, since the museum chose to put its story in Piedmont

14. Use this

    Two maps “Italy, 1859 and 1861”. Map 1 (1859): the peninsula is divided into kingdoms, city-states and duchies: the Kingdom of Sardinia, also called Piedmont-Sardinia, with its capital at Turin; the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with Naples and Sicily; the Papal States around Rome; Venetia in the northeast; Lombardy, under Austrian rule until the war of 1859; and small duchies such as Parma. Map 2 (1861): the Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed on March 17, 1861, with Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia, as king and Turin as its capital. It includes Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, Naples and Sicily. Venetia and Rome are outside it. Key: dark gray: the kingdom or empire the map is about; light gray: lands outside it; a star: its capital; dashed lines: borders of the older states. Nationalism is the belief that a people who share a language and history should have one state of their own. Card C (today): “Italy”. Who made it: historians at the US Department of State, Office of the Historian. For whom: readers of US diplomatic history. Why: to describe Italy for diplomatic history. Summary in our words, not a quotation: Before 1861 the peninsula was divided into kingdoms, city-states and duchies, including the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and the Papal States. The United States recognized the Kingdom of Italy on April 11, 1861. Italy incorporated Venetia and the former Papal States, including Rome, by 1871, following the Franco-Prussian War. Context (what else was happening): The Franco-Prussian War began in 1870. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It is about recognition and borders, not about why people wanted unity.

15. 8.

    Card C was written for readers of US diplomatic history. What is it good for, Pia?

    • Dating the US recognition and listing the pre-1861 states; not showing why Italians wanted one state
    • Showing why Italians wanted one state, since diplomats reported on public feeling in the countries they watched
    • Showing that Rome joined in 1861, since the United States recognized the kingdom that same April
    • Showing what Italian voters wished, since the United States recognized the kingdom in April 1861

16. Use this

    Two maps “Italy, 1859 and 1861”. Map 1 (1859): the peninsula is divided into kingdoms, city-states and duchies: the Kingdom of Sardinia, also called Piedmont-Sardinia, with its capital at Turin; the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with Naples and Sicily; the Papal States around Rome; Venetia in the northeast; Lombardy, under Austrian rule until the war of 1859; and small duchies such as Parma. Map 2 (1861): the Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed on March 17, 1861, with Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia, as king and Turin as its capital. It includes Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, Naples and Sicily. Venetia and Rome are outside it. Key: dark gray: the kingdom or empire the map is about; light gray: lands outside it; a star: its capital; dashed lines: borders of the older states. Nationalism is the belief that a people who share a language and history should have one state of their own. Card C (today): “Italy”. Who made it: historians at the US Department of State, Office of the Historian. For whom: readers of US diplomatic history. Why: to describe Italy for diplomatic history. Summary in our words, not a quotation: Before 1861 the peninsula was divided into kingdoms, city-states and duchies, including the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and the Papal States. The United States recognized the Kingdom of Italy on April 11, 1861. Italy incorporated Venetia and the former Papal States, including Rome, by 1871, following the Franco-Prussian War. Context (what else was happening): The Franco-Prussian War began in 1870. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It is about recognition and borders, not about why people wanted unity. Card D (today): “Piedmont-Sardinia”. Who made it: historians at the US Department of State, Office of the Historian. For whom: readers of US diplomatic history. Why: to describe Piedmont-Sardinia. Summary in our words, not a quotation: When the Kingdom of Italy was founded in 1861, Victor Emmanuel II, King of Piedmont-Sardinia, became King of Italy. The capital was first Turin, then Florence in 1865 and Rome in 1871. Context (what else was happening): Italy's borders were still changing after 1861. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It is a short note on a state and its capital.

17. 9.

    Nationalism is the belief that a people who share a language and history should have one state. Ren asks if the 1861 kingdom fits.

    • Fully: one kingdom now covered the peninsula, so the belief was met in 1861 with nothing left to do
    • No: a kingdom with a king cannot be the nation-state that nationalism describes in any case
    • Fully: the belief asks for a state under one king, and Victor Emmanuel II was already a king
    • Partly: it joined most of the peninsula, but Venetia and Rome were outside

18. Use this

    Two maps “Italy, 1859 and 1861”. Map 1 (1859): the peninsula is divided into kingdoms, city-states and duchies: the Kingdom of Sardinia, also called Piedmont-Sardinia, with its capital at Turin; the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with Naples and Sicily; the Papal States around Rome; Venetia in the northeast; Lombardy, under Austrian rule until the war of 1859; and small duchies such as Parma. Map 2 (1861): the Kingdom of Italy, proclaimed on March 17, 1861, with Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia, as king and Turin as its capital. It includes Tuscany, Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, Naples and Sicily. Venetia and Rome are outside it. Key: dark gray: the kingdom or empire the map is about; light gray: lands outside it; a star: its capital; dashed lines: borders of the older states. Nationalism is the belief that a people who share a language and history should have one state of their own. Card A (today): “The unification of Italy”. Who made it: historians at the National Museum of the Risorgimento in Turin. For whom: visitors to the museum. Why: to tell the story of Italy's unification. Summary in our words, not a quotation: Italian unification was proclaimed in Turin on March 17, 1861. In March 1860, after votes called plebiscites, Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany formally joined the Kingdom of Sardinia. Context (what else was happening): Austria had ruled Lombardy until 1859. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It tells the story from a museum in Turin, and gives no vote counts. Card B (today): “Two Sicilies”. Who made it: historians at the US Department of State, Office of the Historian. For whom: readers of US diplomatic history. Why: to describe the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Summary in our words, not a quotation: In 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi overthrew the Bourbon monarchs and proclaimed a dictatorship on behalf of Victor Emmanuel II. Sicily and Naples were part of the Kingdom of Italy when it was proclaimed in 1861. Context (what else was happening): Garibaldi led volunteers; the Kingdom of Sardinia was a separate state. Limits (what this source cannot tell us): It is written for diplomatic history and does not say what the people of the south wanted.

19. 10.

    Cards A and B describe two ways regions joined in 1860. What does that suggest about how Italy was formed, Zee?

    • Italy was bound to be joined by force, since a kingdom was proclaimed in 1861
    • Garibaldi's campaign explains the whole union, since it overthrew an entire kingdom in one year
    • Italy was not joined one way: some regions voted, others were taken in a campaign
    • Plebiscites explain the whole union, since card A is the museum's own account of unification