How we know past climates: ice cores, tree rings, sediments

Grade 9 Science Worksheet

Circle the best answer.

1. 1.

   The GISP2 core from Greenland is 3,053 m long and covers at least 110,000 years (NASA). On average, about how many years does each meter hold, by Bo's math?

   • About 336 years per meter
   • About 36 years per meter
   • About 3,053 years per meter
   • About 0.03 years per meter
2. 2.

   Why are yearly layers deep in an ice sheet much thinner than near the top, by Esme's reading (NASA)?

   • The weight above squeezes deep snow into thin ice layers
   • Snow fell at one fixed rate for many years, then stopped
   • The drill stretches the shallow ice
   • Each deep layer holds one day

3. Read this first

   Use this

   Table, Ice-core CO₂ and Antarctic temperature (NOAA NCEI), with columns About how long ago, CO₂ in trapped air (ppm), Temperature vs last 1,000 years: 20,000 years, 194, −9.4 °C; 128,000 years, 276, +3.4 °C; 140,000 years, 193, −9.1 °C. Note: CO₂: Antarctic composite (Bereiter et al. 2015); temperature: EPICA Dome C (Jouzel et al. 2007); values rounded.

4. 3.

   Using the ice-core table, how much higher was CO₂ about 128,000 years ago, a warm time, than about 140,000 years ago, a cold time, by Jun's math?

   • About 83 ppm
   • About 8.3 ppm
   • About 469 ppm
   • Thermometer readings from that time, about 83 °C

5. Ring widths of a rain-sensitive tree (model data)

   Year	Ring width
   1901	3 mm
   1902	1 mm
   1903	4 mm

6. 4.

   Using the ring-width table for a rain-sensitive tree, which year was likely wettest, by Kira's reading?

   • They were equally wet
   • 1901
   • 1902
   • 1903
7. 5.

   A log's last 10 rings match a living tree's rings for 1650 to 1659 (model data). The log has 300 rings. In what year did its first ring form, by Luz's math?

   • 1959
   • 1350
   • 1359
   • 1360
8. 6.

   Several proxy records lined up on one timeline. How do sea-floor sediment layers form a timeline, by Noah's reading (NASA)?

   • Dust and tiny shells settle year after year, newer on top of older
   • Each layer forms in a single day
   • Waves and strong currents stack the older layers on top of newer ones
   • Sediment rises up from below
9. 7.

   Light oxygen moving from the sea into an ice sheet. Fossil shells in a sediment core hold more heavy oxygen than the standard (NASA). What does that suggest, by Pia's reading?

   • Heavy oxygen means warm, fresh water
   • More ice held light oxygen, so it was a cold, icy time
   • The trees grew wider rings
   • The ice sheets were melting fast
10. 8.

    Several proxy records lined up on one timeline. NASA: light oxygen in local sea water can also mean heavy rain nearby. Why compare several proxies, by Ren's reading?

    • Each proxy gives the exact temperature by itself
    • Proxies agree in each case
    • One signal can have several causes, so others help confirm it
    • Rain makes oxygen heavier
11. 9.

    Ice, a tree ring, a sediment layer and a pollen grain in a row. NOAA: pack rats gather plants within about 100 m, and their middens last tens of thousands of years. A midden full of drought-tolerant plants suggests what, by Tala's reading?

    • A dry climate when it formed
    • Thermometer data from that time
    • A pack rat carried it 100 km
    • A wet climate when it formed
12. 10.

    Several proxy records lined up on one timeline. NOAA: grape-harvest dates were used to reconstruct Paris summers from 1370 to 1879. About how many years is that span, by Ari's math?

    • About 510 years
    • About 3,249 years
    • About 5,090 years
    • About 51 years