Medieval Japan: islands, shoguns and samurai, compared with feudal Europe

Grade 7 Social Studies Worksheet

Circle the best answer.

1. Read this first

   Use this

   Invasions and a long decline (cards A to D; summaries in our words). Card A, the Mongol invasions: in 1274 and 1281, fleets sent by the Mongol ruler Kublai Khan, with Korean and Chinese ships, crossed the sea to southwest Japan. Samurai defended the coast, storms wrecked many ships, and both times the fleets turned back. Many Japanese later believed the gods had sent the storms and called them kamikaze, divine winds. Card B, a picture scroll: about 1293, Takezaki Suenaga, a samurai who had served in the defense, had a long scroll painted of his service and of his journey to the shogunate to ask for a reward. Card C, the aftermath: the defense cost the shogunate a great deal, and it had no new land to give as rewards, so many samurai felt unrewarded. Strains from the invasions helped bring down the Kamakura government in 1333. Card D, the Ashikaga shoguns: they ruled from 1336 to 1573 (some sources start in 1338) and moved the capital back to Kyoto, but they controlled the provinces less. Powerful local lords, called daimyo, ruled the countryside and often fought each other. Farming and trade grew, with double cropping, regular markets and copper coins from China, though rents were still mostly paid in rice.

2. 1.

   Card B says Suenaga had a scroll painted of his service. Why did he have it made, Luz asks?

   • To tell the Mongol side of the story to readers in Korea and China
   • To warn the emperor's court that a third invasion fleet was already sailing
   • To teach students in later centuries about the fleets that crossed the sea
   • To show his service and support his request for a reward from the shogunate
3. 2.

   How should Milo use the scroll in card B as evidence of how the defense went?

   • As a complete and neutral record of the invasions, since a witness had it painted
   • As more reliable than the Mongol records, since it was made nearer to the events
   • As worthless, since a samurai painted it with the hope of gaining a reward
   • As one samurai's view, made to win a reward, to be checked against other sources
4. 3.

   Using cards A and C, which chain best explains how the invasions helped end the Kamakura government, Noah asks?

   • Samurai gained new land from the fleets, so the shogunate grew rich and then fell to its own wealth
   • The storms in 1281 destroyed the shogunate directly, so nothing else mattered to its fall
   • The defense cost a great deal and left no new land to reward samurai, so many felt unrewarded
   • The Mongol ruler defeated the shogunate in 1274 and then ruled Japan until 1333
5. 4.

   From the first invasion (1274) to the end of Kamakura rule (1333) is one span; the Ashikaga years (1336 to 1573) are another. About how many times as long is the second, Pia asks?

   • About 178 times as long, since 237 minus 59 is 178
   • About 40 times as long, since 237 divided by 59 is about 40
   • About 4 times as long, since 237 years divided by 59 years is about 4
   • About one quarter as long, since 59 divided by 237 is about 0.25
6. 5.

   How might a farmer and a daimyo each see the Ashikaga years in card D, Tala asks?

   • Both would see the same years, since farmers and daimyo lived in the same provinces
   • A farmer would see rising power over the daimyo, who would owe rents to farmers
   • A farmer would see the Kamakura shoguns, since the Ashikaga years were calm for farmers in the provinces
   • A daimyo may see power gained as shoguns controlled the provinces less; a farmer faced local lords
7. 6.

   Using card D, what changed in farming and trade, and what stayed the same, Zee asks?

   • Rents were mostly paid in coins, while double cropping and markets stayed the same as before
   • Double cropping, markets and copper coins grew, though rents were still mostly paid in rice
   • Coins from Korea replaced rice in markets, and rents were paid in silver bars
   • Trade grew so much that farming ended and rice was no longer grown for rents
8. 7.

   A student writes, "Storms alone defeated the Mongol fleets." What does card A say that challenges this, Ari asks?

   • Many Japanese believed the gods sent the storms, so the storms must have been sent on purpose
   • Kublai Khan sent the fleets, so he decided when they would turn back
   • Samurai defended the coast and storms wrecked many ships, so the claim leaves out the defense
   • The fleets were sent a single time, in 1274, so the 1281 storms did not matter
9. 8.

   Card B shows Suenaga seeking a reward, and card C says the shogunate had no new land to give. How do the two fit together, Bo asks?

   • Suenaga's request fits card C: samurai wanted rewards the shogunate had little land to give
   • Card B says Suenaga received new land, so card C must be wrong that no new land existed
   • They do not fit, since a samurai's scroll cannot relate to the shogunate's finances
   • Suenaga's scroll shows why the Kamakura government fell, so no other cause is needed by historians
10. 9.

    Which new source would best test whether many samurai felt unrewarded, Esme asks?

    • A modern essay saying samurai were unhappy after the invasions ended, written for students
    • A list of the Ashikaga shoguns and the years that each of them ruled
    • Petitions from many samurai asking the shogunate for rewards, with the replies
    • A map of the coast where the fleets landed in southwest Japan in 1274 and in 1281
11. 10.

    Why did daimyo gain power under the Ashikaga shoguns, Kira asks?

    • Daimyo gained power because markets and coins made farmers pay them cash for land
    • Daimyo gained power through the invasions of 1274 and 1281 and not through the Ashikaga years
    • The shoguns gave daimyo their power by moving the capital back to Kamakura
    • The shoguns controlled the provinces less, so local lords ruled the countryside themselves