Apartheid in South Africa and how it ended
Grade 10 Social Studies Worksheet - Building Confidence
Circle the best answer.
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Cards A to D, all summaries in our words, written today. Card A: Apartheid, Afrikaans for "apartness," was introduced by the National Party government in 1948. The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act followed in 1949. In 1950 the Population Registration Act registered every person by racial group, and the Group Areas Act set separate areas for each group in the cities. The Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959 left a small share of the land, as "homelands," for Black South Africans, the vast majority of the people. Card B: The African National Congress (ANC) was founded in 1912. In 1949 it adopted a Programme of Action of strikes and non-violent protest. In 1952 its Defiance Campaign asked people to use "white" facilities and to refuse to carry passes. The Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) was formed in 1959. On March 21, 1960, during a PAC campaign against the pass laws, police opened fire on unarmed protesters at Sharpeville, and 69 people lost their lives. The ANC and PAC were outlawed that year. Card C: In 1974 Afrikaans was made compulsory alongside English as a language of instruction. On June 16, 1976, students marched peacefully in Soweto in protest. Estimates of the marchers run from 1,000 to 10,000. Police opened fire. The official figure was 23 deaths; some reports said at least 200. Card D: Nelson Mandela joined the ANC in 1944. He was sentenced to life imprisonment on June 12, 1964, and held on Robben Island until 1982, then at Pollsmoor Prison. He left prison on February 11, 1990, after 27 years. He was elected ANC president in 1991.
Card A summarizes the laws of 1948 to 1959. Ari asks whether it shows how those laws affected daily life.
- Yes; a law that sets separate areas for each group shows how people lived in them
- No; it lists what the laws set up, not what people lived through under them
- Yes; the 1994 election result shows how people felt about those laws
- Yes; the Population Registration Act shows how many people were registered by group
Card D summarizes Mandela's life. Esme asks whether it shows why Mandela was sentenced to life in 1964.
- No; it gives the date and the sentence, not the charges or the reasons
- Yes; card B says he led the Defiance Campaign, which led to the sentence
- Yes; joining the ANC in 1944 is the reason the court gave for the sentence
- Yes; a sentence of life shows how serious the court thought his acts were
A student says the Group Areas Act of 1950 set up the homelands. What does card A say, Jun asks?
- Yes; separate city areas in 1950 were a first step to the homelands of 1959
- No; the 1950 Act set city areas, and the 1959 Act left land as homelands
- Yes; card A puts the homelands and the city areas under the same 1950 Act
- Partly; the homelands began in 1949, when the first race law passed, then grew in 1959
Which claim do cards A and B back together, Kira asks?
- New race laws came from 1948, and the ANC answered with non-violent protest
- Protest ended the laws by 1952, since the Defiance Campaign made the government give way
- The pass laws were the cause of the ANC's protests, since card B mentions refusing passes
- The ANC adopted non-violent protest in 1948, the year apartheid began
Luz asks which claim about Sharpeville card B backs.
- The ANC and PAC were outlawed first, which is why the crowd gathered that day
- Police fired on unarmed protesters during a PAC campaign against the pass laws
- The ANC organized the protest at Sharpeville, and the PAC alone was outlawed afterwards
- The firing at Sharpeville brought an end to the pass laws within a few years
Cards B and C each describe police fire on protesters, in 1960 and in 1976. Milo asks what the pair shows.
- The 1976 march was caused by the Sharpeville deaths 16 years earlier
- Protest ended in 1960 when the ANC and PAC were outlawed, and began again in 1976
- Protest continued after the 1960 bans, but the cards do not link the events
- The 1976 march was a PAC campaign against the pass laws, like Sharpeville
Card D says Mandela joined the ANC in 1944. Card A dates apartheid to 1948. Noah asks what the two dates show.
- His opposition began in 1949, when the ANC adopted its Programme of Action
- He was in the ANC four years before apartheid began, so his opposition came first
- He joined four years after apartheid began, so the new laws prompted him to join the ANC
- He joined the PAC in 1944, the year the Programme of Action was adopted
Card B says the ANC adopted non-violent protest in 1949. Card D says Mandela was sentenced in 1964. Pia asks what the two cards show about Mandela's opposition.
- Non-violent protest failed, since he was sentenced to life in 1964 for opposing the government
- Mandela wrote the Programme of Action in 1949, since he had joined the ANC five years earlier
- His ANC adopted non-violent protest in 1949; the cards do not give his own views
- Mandela led the Defiance Campaign in 1952, as card B reports of the ANC's campaign
Card C gives 1,000 to 10,000 marchers and 23 to at least 200 deaths. Tala asks what share of marchers lost their lives.
- About 20 percent, since reports of at least 200 over the smallest crowd are most telling
- About 2 percent, since 23 of 1,000 and 200 of 10,000 give nearly the same share
- It could be anywhere from about 0.2 to 20 percent, so the card cannot give one rate
- About 0.2 percent, since the official 23 over the largest estimate of 10,000 is the safe figure
Card A says the 1959 Act left a small share of the land for the vast majority of the people. Zee asks what a reader can conclude about land per person.
- Black South Africans had far less land per person; card A gives no exact shares
- Each person had a small plot, which card A can show from the homelands law of 1959
- Black South Africans held about 13 percent of the land, as card A states in its summary
- Land per person got smaller after 1959, as the Act took more land each year
